Satying in one place

Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives, looking for a better Job, house, community, or even climate. Which do you prefer: staying in one place or moving In search of another place? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion People are coming from varying communities with different backgrounds. Some of them prefer to stay and live In one country as long as they have a shelter, a decent lob, and good friends.However, others may prefer to move around looking for a better life and good living onditions. As far as I concerned, I give more advantage for the late opinion for some First of all, people who adopt traveling in their life are more likely to be reasons. successful and reach their ultimate goals. That is to say, if anyone dreamed to be distinguished, he/she should acquire wide information in his/her major. A biology field is one example that is required a biologist to have a clear vision and abundant i nformation about hormones, creatures, fossils, and so on In order to get a tremendous success.Therefore, moving from one place to another is a great way for im/ her to have a huge background and being exposed to different concepts and Another reason Is that these people who are familiar with moving perspectives. and changing their llvlng place acquire certain, unique characteristics that differs them from other people. Because these who have the tendency to live In more than one country are open minded, flexible, adaptable, and even cosmopolitan people. In my country for example which has one of the toughest regulations and tribal traditions is receiving more and more foreigners who are interested in living here for a while.When people asked them about their reasons, they might say to break the monotonous routine of their lives, maybe to be exposed with different cultures, or even to better off their financial means. In fact, changing the living place is a merit to enhance and devel op someone's personality. To sum up, † east or west home is best † is one way to convince ourselves to live In one place whether it's good for us or not. In contrary with ambitious people who believe In chasing their fortune whenever It goes. In my point of view, changing the residence Is good as long as we get the advantages and benefits from each experience we have.

Caribbean Civilization

Lecture Lesson IV IV. Race, Nationalism, Independence, Dependence and Regionalism. The genesis of colonialism in the Caribbean and how it has taken root in the political, social and economic institutions. Race and Class and how they both cohere to shape the social, political and economic landscape of the Caribbean.Explain and understand how these forces work to determine the mosaic of Caribbean society, for example, how they resonate and reinforce rigid institutional hierarchies in education, politics and religion and they have been the major determinants of stratification and social identity in the region since colonization. Can we divorce race and class from nationalism? Students are then asked to provide an answer to this. What is plantation society and why is still so important to Caribbean society.How race, class and nationalism are bound up in the legacy of the plantation society created by the colonizers. For example features of Plantation Society are:  ¦ – keeping co lonial peoples technologically deficient  ¦ maintaining colonial peoples as producers of primary raw materials  ¦ keeping colonial peoples bound to the mother country through the policy of trade exclusivism  ¦ limited horizontal linkages between the colonies except through the British government  ¦ The legacy of colonialism has shaped contemporary politics in the region.It has led to among other things the establishment of a colour hierarchy white over brown over black. And, it has been institutionalised by the political systems in the region.  ¦ The Comprador Bourgeoisie: In the English-speaking Caribbean, the landowning class owed loyalty ultimately to the metropolis, even though it might have disagreed on particular policies implemented in the colonies or on the correct system of government to be pursued. ‘ More than economic interests, the plantocracy by the end of the nineteenth century was united in defence of its whiteness. The nation states of the region are still struggling to establish sovereignty. This is partly because key roles in decision-making are still assigned to the metropolitan state, to international organizations or to elites allied to external markets, who view the masses of the region not as fellow citizens but as groups to be excluded from society and the polity. In these circumstances, nation-building is incomplete. Examine the rise of the nationalist class with strong family connections and class cleavages and how they usurped the role of the working class and their access to power.As such even though the nationalists led us towards ‘independence’ political parties are still controlled by the middle class, who are often financed by private capital and only using as voting support the mass of the people who are still basically apathetic and alienated from government. One finds that much of government time is still taken up with politicking the community. Examine the role of the nationalists in relation to independence as these contested groups are in conflict as they seek to exclude others from membership.Examine the contradictions within this group as they serve to reinforce dependent relations manifested through coordinated groupings such as the comprador bourgeoisie. ‘Independence’ did not usually result in radical changes in the lives of the majority. Hierarchies were reproduced, just deracialised in the Caribbean. In many cases, the change was mostly a matter of American born whites replacing the British born whites or West Indian intelligentsia, replacing the British colonials. Democratic constitutions were facades. Political and economic power still remained concentrated in the hands of a few linked by class, ethnicity and religion.Examine whether independence is genuine or not. Look at the notion of neo-colonialist tendencies that exist for example: †¢ The economies are still controlled from outside and therefore important decisions on the use of resources t he distributions of wealth and foreign policy is largely also controlled from outside. †¢ Constitutional reality does not always coincide with political reality. The territories of the West Indies still exhibit characteristics of rigidly stratified societies with gross inequalities of wealth and status and an alarming and growing state of unemployment overall poverty and economic dependence. These countries’ independence did not usually result in radical changes in the lives of the majority. Rather, hierarchies were reproduced, just deracialised in the Caribbean. The change was mostly a matter of American born whites replacing the British born whites. Democratic constitutions were facades. Political and economic power still remained concentrated in the hands of a few linked by class, ethnicity and religion. In light, of the above examine if independence is a facade. -Can there be a true West Indian identity since the Caribbean is constructed on faulty premises? What is i t within our psyche that has impeded so natural and so necessary a development in the West Indies? -Look at how race and class and nationalism interweave and how they have helped to undermine more genuine attempts at forging a Caribbean identity. Examine why a West Indian identity is critical to the realization of any integration movement. Outline the negative reasons of what could happen if we do not forge a Caribbean region that draws on our collective strength through unity and for a common brotherhood and enlightened nationalism.How can we best improve our society such as government’s role in involving the people of the region through not only informing them but also fully involving them in the processes of decision-making on the forms of political unity. †¢ For example: That the forms of regional unity do not merely institutionalize social inequality and economic justice but improve our capability to redress them and provide machinery that will make an obligation to do so effectively. †¢ We must have a commitment to the ideal of nationhood and a capability n the part of that leadership to generate that commitment throughout our communities. †¢ We must be ready to act in pursuit of that commitment of a regional identity along with those within the region who share that commitment and resolution. But in so acting we must make clear that we proceed on no basis of divisiveness or of exclusion. †¢ While it is the responsibility of government to initiate action it is essential that the people of the region shall not merely be fully informed but fully involved in the processes of decision-making.That the forms of unity do not merely institutionalize social inequality and economic justice but improve our capability to redress them and provide machinery that will make an obligation to do so effectively. †¢ Education becomes important, but not just any type of education: †¢ Scientific reclamation and revitalisation: †¢ We m ust be able to see ourselves not only as a people with rhythm but also with reason, and intellect. We have to instill in our curriculum scientific technology for a new age. Examine the notion that one of the hallmarks of colonialism was to give to the colonies whatever was obsolete in Europe.And we still find developed countries shipping their discards to the world they helped underdeveloped and we must therefore study the latest technologies and teach them in our schools. The lecture provided other examples which students may wish to research. Drawing on the history of race and class and nationalism and independence and regional integration, it seems clear that any West Indian identity that does not stand on a regional base of social equality and economic justice does not rest on sure foundations and will not survive the stress of internal social upheaval and the shifting sands of uneven regional development. References Beckford, G. (1972) Persistent Poverty, New York: Oxford Unive rsity Press.  ¦ Hall, K. (2001) ‘The Caribbean Community: Beyond Survival,’ Kingston: IRP.  ¦ James, CLR, (1962) ‘The Middle Classes,’ in Lowenthal, D. and Comitas L. (1973) Consequences of Class and Colour: West Indian Perspectives, New York: Anchor Books.  ¦ Levitt, K. and Witter, M. (1996) The Critical Tradition of Caribbean Political Economy, Jamaica: IRP.  ¦ Manley, M. (1982) Struggle in the Periphery, London: Heineman  ¦ Munroe, T. (1985) Introduction to Politics, Jamaica: UWI.  ¦ Nkruhmah, K. (1965) Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, London: Nelson. Payne, A. and Sutton, P. (1984) Dependency under Challenge: The Political Economy of the Commonwealth Caribbean, Manchester.  ¦ Ryan, S. (1972) Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.  ¦ Stone, C. (1971) Decolonisation and Political Change in Jamaica and Trinidad, USA: Sage Publications.  ¦ Sunshine, C. (1996) The Caribbean, Surviva l, Struggle and Sovereignty, Washington: Epicon.  ¦ Watson, H. ed. (1994) The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy, Jamaica: IRP.  ¦ Williams, E. (1970) From Columbus to Castro, New York: Harper and Row.

Short informational report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short informational report - Essay Example There is a need of Education that is formal in this area to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of this program (Kotler, Brown & Armstrong 2004). Growth Projections: There has been an increase in sale of cutlery and kitchen utensils in China. The Cutlery and Kitchen Utensil Manufacturing Industry is growing at a rate of 13.9% per Annum, and the approximate revenue in this market is $ 17 billion. In addition, there is growth in the number of companies that produce cutlery and kitchen utensils. The businesses in this industry are 1194, and the total number of employees is 233,532 (Wood, 2013). This growth is a result of the increasing purchasing power in the country caused by the improved economy. There is an increased demand in the domestic markets, due to the increasing rate of western influence on dietary and culinary. This has resulted in Chinese raising the standards of living. The Company has to keep up with the market growth since this creates a great opportunity for its ex pansion. The production industry, therefore, should ensure there is increased innovation and implementation of new and unique ideas to attract and retain consumers. The management should create a good working environment and improve the treatment of employees, such as increasing payment and incentives. This would lead to the attraction of the best talent and skills. The managers could introduce new marketing activities such as internet advertising, and Research and Development (IbisWorld, 1999). Thus, it enables the development of a wider scope of the target market. Improved communication between the customer and the organization would enable the organization to produce kitchen utensils according to the needs and customer’s preferences. Intensive market research would help identify the company’s strengths and new opportunities in the market, hence attaining a better competitive position in the industry (Solomon, 2003). Competition The company faces competition from com panies such as Yongkang Ruixiang Metal Products Company and the Chaoan Caitang Shengfeng Stainless Steel Products Factory. Additional competition is from the local industries in countries where the Chinese Kitchen Utensils Production Industry exports their products, such as Taiwan, South Korea and Japan. This is because of the low prices of goods produced locally, since there is no exportation expense (Trade Media Ltd, 2013). The Company should compare its pricing methods to those of the competitors. A low price would lead to the attraction of consumers in the market. In the exporting countries, the company should ensure mass exportation of goods to reduce the costs, hence maintaining competitive prices with the local industries (Jeannet & Hennessey 2004). The Company should develop niche segmentation in the market, whereby there would be production of specialized design of products as per the customer’s request. Marketing research would enable the organization to produce pro ducts that can suite a large number of consumers (Pearce & Dent, 2009). It would enable the company to segment the market according to the needs of the variety of societies in the countries. Customers are attracted to quality products. The organization, therefore, has to produce higher quality products than their competitors to attract more consumers. Intensive promotion of goods, development of attractive labels and

Management in Healthcare Organizations Term Paper

Management in Healthcare Organizations - Term Paper Example Modern evidence through research shows that using lean clinic design has the potential of improving the general productivity of a building. Using the Clearview Cancer Center in Huntsville, Alabama as an example, there is enough evidence to suggest that the design has led to improvement in patient flow as well as a reduction in the amount of time that it took patients to journey from one point within the clinic to the other to receive care (McKee, Figueras and Chenet, 1998). In effect, the Clearview Cancer Center in Huntsville is a clear evidence of how lean clinic design has increased patient throughput and ensured longevity for patients. It is against this background that the current proposal is being presented for the board’s consideration of implementing clean clinic design as has been recommended by the architect of The Fallon Clinic in Massachusetts. Improvement in Patient Flow When patients visit the clinic, they are expected to move from one point of service to the othe r. This is because at The Fallon Clinic in Massachusetts, there is currently not a centralized patient serving process that permits patients to receive integrated service at only one point of call. Patient flow therefore involves movement for services such as admission, confirmation of insurance card, checking in to the consulting room, taking prescription to the pharmacy, visiting the laboratory among others. In an emergency situation such length of flow, if not minimized can be highly threatening to the health of patients (Healy and McKee, 1997). Meanwhile with a lean clinic design, the benefit will be towards the reduction of time spent to and from one point of service to the other. There are two major ways by which the lean clinic design is assured to bring about the improvement in patient flow. In the first place, the design will ensure that service centers are brought close to each other and that there are connected services being taken from the same premises or room. The seco nd form will be to ensure that there is visibility with service points, where patients will not have to use meandering routes to find their ways to service points. Access to care and efficiency Clearly, as easily as patients are able to reach service providers in a real cut down in time frame, the next benefit that will be expected will be improved access to care. Generally, access to care involves the reception of health care when it is most needed (Kaser, 2007). This means that when a patient approaches the clinic and is severe need of a particular health care service, any condition that denies the care at the very urgent time that the service is needed hinders access to care. A typical example of access to care can be cited with a pregnant woman who comes to the clinic and is in labor. At that time, access to care should ensure that she receives the services of midwives who will ensure that there is an immediate safe delivery for her. If this pregnant woman does not receive this form of care but its left alone to go through labor by herself, any form of care that will come will not constitute access to care at the time she entered the clinic. Meanwhile with a lean clinic design in place, the type of free flow of patients and accessibility that employees are going to get, there is enough evidence that care will reach patients when it is most n

Decisions in Paradise- Part I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decisions in Paradise- Part I - Essay Example This paper discusses the business environment in Kava by analyzing the issues, problems, stakeholders, and environmental factors. Kava has a topography and geographic location that makes it susceptible to natural disasters such as tidal waves, tsunamis, typhoons, hurricanes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes (Decisions in Paradise: How to Be, or Not to Be, 2009). There are other issues in Kava. The population is at high risk for Avian Flu and the population faces an HIV / AIDS epidemic. The island is susceptible to petroleum skills is an undesirable business risk due to the potential ecological of the entire island. The region is has a high risk for both domestic and foreign terrorist attacks. The costs of importing raw materials into the island are high due to the use of maritime transportation expenses. From a business perspective expand in Kava requires a lot of planning. The company has to invest a lot of money to expand its presence in Kava. Based on the fact that Alex had to perform two jobs which included the receptionist position is an indicator that in the past the company has been reluctant to invest thousands of dollars in Kava. This project is going to be worth millions, thus the firm has to be prepared for a large capital investment commitment. The economy of Kava is struggling. If the company hires locals it should include a medical plan as a fringe benefit. Due to proliferation of infectious diseases and HIV / AIDS the corporate medical plan premiums are going to be high. Also over 50% of the population is below 15 years of age, thus they are ineligible for work. The corporation has plans to expand its operation in Kava. The problem is that Kava has one of the highest overall risks in the world for natural disasters. It also has many environmental, health, and social issues. The firm is receiving political pressure to

STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT - Essay Example This phase is important for the structural stability and to ensure the safe design implementation and this inspection will also affect the life of the structure because mistakes made at this stage can be corrected on spot but after the facility is complete then the retrofitting would be very difficult and expensive. Then the second phase is the post construction inspection which is done after some time that is 6 months, 1 year and 5 years normally the frequency of the inspection decides its extent, mostly the inspection made after 5 years is far more extensive and detailed than that of which is done after 6 months. This inspection is mostly done by visual monitoring of the facility by professional which inspect the vital areas that are vulnerable to failures and crack propagation. Both the inspection types are extensively vast and hence require a lot of discussion where as at the moment I will only focus on the Post Construction inspection. The key requirements of the inspection woul d be consisting of many aspects the first among them is property identification information which include the location and type of infrastructure facility. Then a detailed study and preliminary visual inspection of various structural systems employed in the building/structure and applicable non-structural components is done. Further progress in the assessment and its requirement includes critical analysis existing condition of the various structural systems, including foundations, bearing walls, framing, columns and beams, floor systems, roof systems, and their connection and construction details. During the assessment and inspection procedures one fact is also to be considered that the Engineers and/or construction specialists conducting the structural assessment should be knowledgeable of the construction methods, materials, load capacities, and design details of the infrastructure facility or structure type being analyzed, as modern structural design approaches will likely not be directly applicable due to the fact that these structures were made quite a long time before and employed primitive construction standards and design methodologies. William Hover (2008).In addition to requirements discuss above there are other as well and which are equally important, significant among these is analysis of the deficiencies, damage, and failures to determine/identify their evident, probable, or possible causes and after these are been highlighted then it is the responsibility that recommendations for corrective measures, design solutions for stabilization and/or repair and maintenance must be made. Then at the end a cost estimate must be made of the repair works and the cost engineering under different scenario must be made which include the recommendation of new construction or choices of retrofitting and localized repairs. Maintenance Management System Then comes the Maintenance Management System(MMS) for a large infrastructure organization, although the system is very extensive and encompasses many fields but the key focus in this discussion would be on infrastructure organizations and their requirements. MMS is a computerized database system which is made to maximize and increase the efficiency of deferred maintenance and capital improvement activities through the organization and its services using standardized procedures to document and prioritize field facility and equipment needs and to

Different experience of two passengers in the airplane Essay

Different experience of two passengers in the airplane - Essay Example Here the essay indicates one person’s perspective upon the entering the plane and allowing the cramped space of the seating to ruin their experience throughout the flight. Conversely, the point of view of the other passenger is not as adversely affected by the cramped seating. In this example, the essay states, â€Å"When the passengers took their seats and reached towards the magazines in front of them they settled into what would become a wonderful airplane ride across the Atlantic Ocean. While the airplane wasn’t as large as traditional airliners it had a number of charming elements that made it more enjoyable than other flight methods.† These examples not only demonstrate how one passenger can perceive things differently from the simple nature of their physical size (as one space is cramped for person one, but not person two), but also rhetorically demonstrate that this experience shaded the individual’s perception of the entire trip. Another rhetorica l strategy that was implemented was showing how different people could interpret the same event in different ways. In terms of these essays, they demonstrated how the talking and general noise that occurred during the flight was interpreted differently, with the first passenger finding them irritating and the second enjoying them. Ultimately, these rhetorical elements demonstrate the means by which the same event, when experienced by different people, can be perceived in entirely different ways.

WHEN THE BOYS FIND THEMSELVES STRANDED ON A REMOTE ISLAND, THEY Term Paper

WHEN THE BOYS FIND THEMSELVES STRANDED ON A REMOTE ISLAND, THEY QUICKLY BEGIN THE PROJECT OF BUILDING A ROUGH APPROXIMATION OF SOCIETY AND ATTEMPT TO CREAT A PARADISE - Term Paper Example Right from building fires for the purpose of creating signals to losing out on all the hope that the boys had, the small group tries to stick together and aspire for a better tomorrow where they would eventually be found by someone and taken back home. However, the flames quickly take over the entire forest due to negligence on part of the young boys and that leads to some more trouble for them to face. The boys have no experience in living life or reality on their own; they have always lived under the shadows of their parents and have grown up with comfort and assistance beside them. Getting trapped on an island, the way they were, opened up their eyes to the world and helped them to embark upon a journey full of maturity. They soon begin to miss their parents even though at first the entire sense of being away from parental guidance envelopes them with happiness and excitement. They begin to understand the kind of responsibility that their parents had to shoulder in order to help them grow up into civil and beautiful human beings. (SparkNotes Editors.) The boys try to create a family of their own among themselves because they soon begin to realize that if they do not stick with each other, they will not be able to escape from the place. With time, they also begin to realize how vital team work is in carrying out any activity. They begin to understand the need for having each other around and quit bickering. Much the same way, society was born at some point of time and has failed in some areas to grow and develop because of the differences that people have created among each other. This book is an excellent example of how tribal groups were created in the past and still are in the modern world. It shows a clear picture of how people learn to survive with each other and how a presence is required in order to be able to live and survive on this planet despite a person not liking other people as much. One of the boys, Jack, is an example

President John F. Kennedy's assassination Research Paper

President John F. Kennedy's assassination - Research Paper Example While the Warren Commission determined that Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President Kennedy, many alternative accounts have been proposed.  This paper will examine at least two of the proposed accounts on President Kennedy’s assassination and further evaluate these accounts from the perspective of Hume (empiricism), Descartes (rationalism), and Kant (transcendental idealism). The two accounts that are examined in this paper are the findings of HSCA on the investigation of Kennedy’s assassination and the account of James Fetzer entitled â€Å"Assassination Science.† The account of HSCA stated that John Fitzgerald Kennedy being the 35th president of the U.S was shot dead on the November 22nd the year 1963 when riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. According to its findings, Lee Harvey Oswald actually fired three gun shots at the then President John F. Kennedy. The 2nd and the 3rd shot that he fired struck the president and the 3rd shot was the one that killed the president. This account further stated that scientific acoustical proof recognized a high probability that more than one or two gunmen were involved at firing the gun shots at the president. The other scientific proof does not prevent the chances of two gunmen firing shots at the president. The scientific evidence thus negated some of the specific conspiracy allegations. The HSCA committee believed that based on the evidence available or presented to it, president Kennedy was probably assassinated because of a conspiracy or political scheme. However, the HSCA committee was not capable of identifying the other claimed gunman or the level/extent of the claimed conspiracy. Another reason provided by HSCA to have made the assassination possible was that the departments and agencies of the U.S administration performed with various competency degrees in the fulfillment of their duties. The president was thus not accorded adequate protection. The account presented by James Fetzer entit led â€Å"Assassination Science† explained and reported the most important or vital scientific findings in the assassination study history of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The account comprises of evidence stipulating that some of the autopsy X-rays on the body of President Kennedy were fabricated to cover a huge blow-out to the back of the head of the deceased by a shot from in front. Assassination science account evidence suggest that other autopsy x-rays were altered by the imposition of a 6.5 mm metal object, which was not present on the original x-rays, photographs and diagrams that were supposed to be those of JFK’s brain were suspected to be the brain of someone else other then John Kennedy. James Fetzer further through his evidence claimed that the president alone was hit by at least four shots, one of which fired from in front went to his throat, the other fired from behind went to his back, and the remaining two fired from in front and behind went to his head. This evidence disapproved the magic bulled theory suggested by the HSCA report. Assassination science unveiled or discovered that in Dealey Plaza, for the duration of the assassination, an absolute minimum of around six shots were actually fired and that the Zapruder assassination film viewed by most people as the nearest account to absolute truth was edited extensively using a highly sophisticated or complex technique. The evidence presented by Fetzer’

The effects of global recession on local economies Essay - 1

The effects of global recession on local economies - Essay Example Multinational and international industries, local industries, government establishments and the consumers themselves are all affected by the changes in the economic standing of the country. Global recession has a great impact on the value of local and international currencies, generally affecting end-users and households. In effect, the buying capability of the consumers goes down. The general concept in putting up a business is simple, to profit from it. However, this simple concept requires a lot of fields to be taken into consideration before investors or businessmen can make it happen. In a basic business planning, the structure of study for putting up a business or developing an existing one is as follows: investment, resources and raw materials, market demand and profit and loss forecast. Investment is the capital cost is one of the most common things that are taken into consideration in a large or small medium business setup (Northcott 1992). This is the total amount of currency or money a businessman or a corporation invests to put up or develop an existing business. The total cost of the investment will be a basis for the company to determine the total cost of their liabilities. There should also be funds or a part of the budget that goes to the emergency funds for unexpected situation. These are part of the investment cost and are called funds margin or more commonly known as petty cash. Although this is the type of fund that should be replenished every month, quarter or year depending on the initial business funding structure of the company. Its initial will still be included in the total investment cost. Resource is also one of the major factors to be considered in putting up or developing an existing business. Raw materials are products that are bought together for the use for production purposes (Blair and Hitchcock 2001). There are two major types of categories in the business industry: the

Eight Important Duties of an Agent Towards the Principal Essay Example for Free

Eight Important Duties of an Agent Towards the Principal Essay 1. Duty to follow principal’s directions or customs (Sec. 211): The first duty of every agent is to act within the scope of the authority conferred upon him and perform the agency work according to the directions given by the principal. When the agent acts otherwise, if any loss be sustained, he must make it good to the principal, and if any profit accrues, he must account for it.   Illustrations: (a) Where the principal instructed the agent to warehouse the goods at a particular place and the agent warehoused them at a different warehouse which was equally safe, and the goods were destroyed by fire without negligence, it was held that the agent was liable for the loss because any departure from the instructions makes the agent absolutely liable (Lilley vs Doubleday). (b) An agent being instructed to insure goods neglects to do so. He is liable to compensate the principal in the event of these being lost (Pannalal Jankidas vs Mohanlal). If the principal has not given any express or implied directions, then it is the duty of the agent to follow the custom prevailing in the same kind of business at the place where the agent conducts business. If the agent makes any departure, he does so at his own risk. He must make good any loss so sustained by the principal. Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 211): (a) A, an agent, engaged in carrying on for B a business, in which it is the custom to invest from time to time at interest, the moneys which may be in hand, omits to make such investments. A must make good to B the interest usually obtained by such investments. (b) B, a broker, in whose business it is not the custom to sell on credit, sells goods of A on credit to C, whose credit at the time was very high. C, before payment, becomes insolvent. B must make good the loss to A, irrespective of his good intentions. 2. Duty to carry out the work with reasonable skill and diligence (Sec. 212): The agent must conduct the business is generally possessed by persons engaged in similar business, unless the principal has notice of his want of skill. Further, the agent must act with reasonable diligence and to the best of his skill.   If the agent does not work with reasonable care, skill (unless the principal has notice of his want of skill) and diligence, he must make compensation to his principal in respect of ‘direct consequences’ of his own neglect, want of skill or misconduct. But he is not so liable for indirect or remote losses. Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 212): (a) A, a merchant in Kolkata, has an agent B, in London, to whom a sum of money is paid on A’s account, with orders to remit. B retains the money for a considerable time. A, in consequence of not receiving the money, becomes insolvent. B is liable for the money and interest from the day on which it ought to have been paid, according to the usual rate, and for any further direct loss such as loss by variation of rate of exchange, but nothing further. (b) A, an agent for the sale of goods, having authority to sell goods on credit, sells to B on credit, without making the proper and usual enquiries as to the solvency of B. B, at the time of such sale, is insolvent. A must make compensation to his principal in respect of any loss thereby sustained. 3. Duty to Render Accounts (Sec. 213): It is the duty of an agent to keep proper accounts of his principal’s money or property and render them to him on demand, or periodically if so provided in the agreement. 4. Duty to communicate (Sec. 214): It is the duty of an agent, in cases of difficulty, to use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain his instructions, before taking any steps in facing the difficulty or emergency. 5. Duty not to deal on his own account (Sees. 215 and 216): An agent must not deal on his own   account in the business of agency; i.e., he must not himself buy from or sell to his principal goods he is askedto sell or buy on behalf of his principal; without obtaining the consent of his principal after disclosing all material facts to him. If the agent violates this rule, the principal may repudiate the transaction where it can be shown that any material fact has been knowingly concealed by the agent, or that the dealings of the agent have been disadvantageous to the principal. The principal is also entitled to claim from the agent any benefit which may have resulted to him from the transaction. Illustrations: (a) A, directs B to sell A’s estate. B buys the estate for himself in the name of   . A, on discovering that B has bought the estate for himself may repudiate the sale, if he can show that B has dishonestly concealed any material fact or that the sale has been disavantageous to him. [Illustration (a) Appended to Section 215 ( b)A directs, B, his agent, to buy a certain house for him. B tells A that it cannot be bought and buys the house for himself. A may, on discovering that B has bought the house, compel him to sell it to A at the price he gave for it. [Illustration appended to Section 216] 6. Duty not to make any profit out of his agency except his remuneration (Sees. 217 and 218): An agent stands in a fiduciary relation to his principal and therefore he must not make any profit (secret profit) out of his agency. He must pay to his principal all moneys (including illegal gratification, if any) received by him on principal’s account. He can, however, deduct all moneys due to himself in respect of his remuneration or/and expenses properly incurred. If his acts are not bonafide, he will lose his remuneration and will have to account for the secret profit to his principal. 7. Duty on termination of agency by principal’s death or insanity (Sec. 209): When an agency is terminated by the principal dying or becoming of unsound mind, the agent must take, on behalf of the representatives of his late principal, all reasonable steps for the protection and preservation of the interests entrusted to him. 8. Duty not to delegate authority (Sec. 190): Subject to six exceptions stated earlier (under the heading Delegation of Authority), an agent must not further delegate his authority to another person, but perform the work of agency himself.

Limiting Factors in a Business Situation

Limiting Factors in a Business Situation (a) Explain what a limiting factor is and what sort of things can become limiting factors in a business situation? (16 marks) Limiting factor is any factor that restricts a company or an organisations activities. In other words, limiting factor is a factor which is limited or not enough provide to the company. Limiting factors in an organisation can be labour hours, raw material, machine hours or space. For example, when sales demand excess the productivity capacity, the company do not have enough resources to produce the products, the scarce resource will be the factor that restricts the companys activities. Hence, the scarce resources should be identified to ensure company has enough resources to produce their products as many as their wish. By using limiting factor, we can maximise the profit when obtained the greatest possible contribution to profit each time. Example1: A B C Contribution per unit of output RM 24 RM 20 RM 12 Machine hours required per unit of output 6 hours 2 hours 1 hours Estimated sales demand 3,000 units 3,000 units 3,000 units Required machine hours 18,000 hours 6,000 hours 3,000 hours The machine hour is limited to 18,000 hours for the period because of the breakdown of one machine. Consider Example 1. From the example 1, we know that the company required total 27,000 machine hours to produce the total sales demand of the product A, B and C that they estimated. However, the company only has 18,000 machine hours for the period because of the breakdown of one machine. In this situation, companys activities are limited by the machine hours. When we looking at the above information, we will think that the company should produce the product A first since the contribution per unit of product A is the highest, but this could be wrong. This is because produce each unit of product A required 6 machine hours, but product B required 2 machine hours and product C required 1 machine hours only. So, the company can produce 3,000 units of product B and C respectively first, after that just produce the product A with the remaining machine hours. In other words, if the company concentrates on produce the product A, there will no machine hours left to the company to produce B and C. In order to maxi mize the companys profit, we should use limiting factor to calculate the greatest possible contribution per profit for each product and rank the profitability of the product to obtain the optimum production plan. (b) Explain the techniques that have been developed to assist in business decision- making when single or multiple limiting factors are encountered (16 marks) Single limiting factor- Limiting factor analysis When single limiting factor are encountered, we have to use limiting factor analysis to help companies to identify the scarce resources and maximise profit by using the best combination of available resources. In limiting factor analysis, we should identify the bottleneck resources first. Secondly, we should calculate the contribution per unit for each product. Next, we can calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product after we get the contribution per unit of each product. After this, we can rank the products from the highest to the lowest in sequence based on contribution per unit of bottleneck resource. Finally, we can allocate the resources from the highest contribution per profit to the lowest contribution per profit by the ranking until the resources are used up. By doing so, we can obtained the greatest possible profit when resources are limited by single limiting factor. Example 2: X Y Machine hours per units 3 hours 4 hours Sales demand 2,000 units 3000 units RM RM Selling price 32 50 Less : Direct Material 10 20 Direct Labour 5 8 Variable Overhead 5 8 20 36 Contribution 12 14 The supply of materials for the period is unlimited, but the machine hours are limited to 15,000 hours. In order to maximize the profit, we should using limiting factor analysis to solve the problem when there is only one limiting factor. Step 1: Identify the bottleneck resource. At sales demand level: Sales demand Machine hours per unit Total machine hours X 2,000 units 3 hours 6,000 hours Y 3,000 units 4 hours 12,000 hours 18,000 hours Thus, machine hours are the limiting factor. Step 2: Calculate the contribution per unit for each product. The contribution has been given at the above. X Y Contribution per unit RM 12 RM 14 Step 3: Calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product. To calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product, the formulae is: Contribution per units of the machine hours = Contribution Machine hours Product X = RM 12 3 hours = RM 4.00 Product Y = RM 14 4 hours = RM 3.50 Step 4: Rank the products from the highest contribution per machine hour to lowest contribution per machine hour. Production should be concentrated on product X first, up to maximum sales available, then product Y. Step 5: Finally, allocate the available resources using that ranking that we decided at step 4 and calculate the maximum contribution. Production plan Units produced Machine hours per unit Total machine hours Balance of machine hours 15,000 hours Product X 2,000 units 3 hours 6,000 hours 9,000 hours Product Y 2,250 units 4 hours 9,000 hours So, the maximum contribution is as follows: RM Product X ( 2,000 units x RM 12) 24,000 Product Y (2,250 units x RM 14) 31,500 55,500 Multiple limiting factors- Linear programming We can use limiting factor analysis when there is one limiting factor. However, when there is more than one of scare resources which restricts organisations activities, we can use linear programming to solve the problem. Firstly, we must define the variances when using linear programming. Then, we can define and formulate the objective. After formulate the objective, we also must formulate the constraints. Next, draw a graph to identify the feasible region and get the optimum production plan from the graph. Finally, we can solve the problem and get the maximum contribution by doing so. Example 3: A B Contribution per unit RM 20 RM 10 Machine hours per unit 6 hours 3 hours Kilos per unit 4 kilos 8 kilos Maximum available : Machine hours = 18,000 hours Kilos = 24,000 kilos What should be the production plan? To answer the example 3, we should use linear programming to get the optimum production plan because there is two or more of scarce resources. Step 1: Define the variances Let x = the number of units of the product A. y = the number of units of the product B. Step 2: Define and formulate the objective function. The objective is to maximize the contribution C, given by: Maximum contribution = 20 x + 10 y Step 3: Formulate the constraints. The limitations here are machine hours and kilos. For the machine hours, product A required 6 hours and product B required 3 hours machine hours. So, total machine hours required = 6 x + 3 y For the kilos, product A required 4 kilos and product B required 8 kilos. So, total kilos required = 4 x + 8 y Constraints Utilised Available Machine hours 6 x + 3 y 18,000 Kilos 4 x + 8 y 24,000 Step 4: Draw a graph and identify a feasible region. For the equation 6 x + 3 y = 18,000 machine hours When x = 0, y = 18,000/ 3 = 6,000 When y = 0, x = 18,000/ 6 = 3,000 Draw a straight line between the point (0, 6000) and (3000, 0) on the graph to represent the line for machine hours constraint. For the equation 4 x + 8 y = 24,000 kilos When x = 0, y = 24,000/ 8 = 3,000 When y = 0, x = 24,000/ 4 = 6,000 Draw a straight line between the point (0, 3000) and (6000, 0) on the graph to represent the line for kilos constraint. The graph is shown as below: The original constraints were Step 5: Determine the optimal solution Calculate the total contribution at each point P, Q and R Point P = RM 20 (0) + RM 10 (3,000) = RM 30,000 Point Q = RM 20 (2,000) + RM10 (2,000) = RM 60,000 Point R = RM 20 (1,500) + RM10 (0) = RM 30,000 Point Q gives the maximum contribution. Step 6: Answer the question The optimal point is at x = 2,000 and y = 2,000. This gives a maximum contribution of C = (20 x 2,000) + (10 x 2,000) = RM60, 000 (c) Explain the management idea known as throughput accounting. State and justify your opinion on whether or not throughput accounting and limiting factors are the same thing. (18 marks) For every company to reduce it costs and improve the profitability of the company, managers will use cost accounting to help them on decision-making. Hence, Theory of constraints (TOC) or Throughput accounting (TA) is another method for decision-making apart from Standard Based Costing, Activity Based Costing and Marginal Costing. TOC/TA is a new management accounting approach based on factors identification when the constraints are restricts companies to achieving their goals and reduces companys profits. Throughput accounting is used when there are few constraints only, usually just one. The constraint can be a resource, company policy or management mindset. According to Goldratts ideas, TOC is forecasting on a limit capacity at certain critical points in any production plan. Therefore, TOC maximise organisations profit by increasing the producing speed through an organisation in order to eliminating bottlenecks. Additionally, throughput accounting is not costing because it does not include variable and fixed expenses, and overheads to products. Thus, throughput accounting helps managers to get better management decision in order to improve organisations profits by three measurements. They are: Throughput (T) is the rate of money that a company produced, throughput is total sales (S) less total variable costs (TVC), usually is cost of raw materials ( T = S TVC ). However, T exists even there is only one product are sold. Besides, finished goods of inventory in a warehouse that not yet sold are not included. Investment (I) is total amount of money that invest in a new system to enhance its ability to improve the capacity, for examples machinery. Operating expenses (OE) is all others expenses except the total variables cost when calculate the throughput. Basically, OE is total costs to operating the production system, for examples maintenance, utilities, rental, etc. Fixed or partially fixed costs are no difference in throughput accounting. On the contrary, there have either total variable cost or operating expenses in throughput accounting. Therefore, throughput accounting use difference formulas to make difference types of accounting decisions by combined the throughput, total variable costs and operating expenses: Net profitÂÂ  (NP) = Throughput Operating Expense = T-OE Return on investmentÂÂ  (ROI) = Net profit / Investment = NP/I ProductivityÂÂ  (P) = Throughput / Operating expense = T/OE Investment turnsÂÂ  (IT) = Throughput / Investment = T/I According to Dr. Goldratt, we can use the above formulas to get the right decision when making a decision that related to changes in revenue, expenses or investments, which must get a positive answer from one out of three questions below: Does it increase throughput? Does it reduce operating expense? Does it improve the return on investment? Finally, there are five steps established by Goldratts in the TOC to help managers maximize the throughput and then achieve organisations goals. The five steps are as follows: Identify the system constraints. There is either an internal constraint (in production, engineering or planning.) or an external constraint (in the market)? The constraint is a resource or a policy? Decide how to maximise the output from the constraint. All other activities are prepared subject to this decision. Non-constraints must be subject to constraints. Consider the appropriate level of resources once the resource constraint has been identified. Therefore, the capacity constraints can be improved. Enhance the systems constraints. Once constraint has been corrected, return to Step 1 to determine the next most serious constraints and duplicate the above steps. In my opinion, throughput accounting and limiting factor is not the same thing but there are similarities and differences in between throughput accounting and limiting factor. For example, throughput accounting and limiting factor are using to assist companies identify bottleneck resources instead to maximise companies profits. However, throughput accounting is used when there are few constraints; normally just one but limiting factor is used when there are one or more than one constraints. Besides, limiting factor is focus on working to obtain greatest contributions while throughput accounting is focus on some critical areas that have limited capacity at any production plan. In addition, limiting factor maximise the organisations profit by using the best combination of available resources but throughput accounting is maximise the profit by increase the producing speed through organisation to eliminate bottlenecks. Throughput accounting calculates the products throughput as sales price minus total variable costs. Variable costs or in other words cost of materials in throughout accounting included direct material costs only, labour and overhead costs are fixed and categories to total factory costs. In contrast, limiting factor calculates contribution as sales price minus variable costs but labour and overhead costs are part of variable costs in limiting factor, this is difference from throughput accounting.

Chemical Physical And Biological Evidence Biology Essay

Chemical Physical And Biological Evidence Biology Essay There are many different types of evidence that can be found at a crime scene, these can be categorised into chemical, physical and biological evidence. Physical evidence can be collected at the crime scene and are mainly physical objects such as a murder weapon or a broken window. Chemical evidence is any residue from liquids that could have been used to assist with the crime such as poison and drugs, finally biological evidence is when hair or skin from a persons body has been transferred to a physical surface and then be collected and tested. When such evidence is collected it can be used to find what exactly happened in the crime, the history behind the crime and who was involved and could have committed it. All evidence can be tested and analysed and is vital when finding out the various incidences that happened at a crime scene, some examples of evidence are shown below: Chemical Physical Biological Water Cuts Blood Chromatography Bang on head Hair Soil Finger print Lip Print Rain water Shoe prints Sweat Petrol Murder weapon Skin Fluids Broken windows/doors Saliva Poison Clothing Nails Drugs Fibres Gun residue Skeletal remains Alcohol DNA cosmetics Paint Serial Numbers Some evidence can be overlapped into two categories once it has been tested an example of this would be finger prints as it is both physical evidence and biological evidence. Health and Safety The Health and Safety at work act all employees have the right to be safe in their working environment to stop them from getting hurt while doing their job, if someone does get hurt while they are doing their job then they will have to receive compensation from the company because they would probably have to take a long time off work and it wouldnt be their fault it would be the companys fault for not providing a safe working environment for their employees to work in. This act is extremely important for people who work in forensic science and a crime scene this is because employees have to be trained to wear protective equipment to stop them from being contaminated by any substances in a crime scene. Employees also have to be trained to collect evidence properly without contaminating any evidence; this is because evidence cannot be used in a court case or to prosecute somebody. COSHH The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002. COSHH is there to prevent ill health of companys employees that are carrying out experiments that involve hazardous chemicals. If COSHH was not there then people would not know how to handle experiments and what they should do if an accident arises. COSHH provides eight very important steps that should be placed somewhere in a work place to keep employees informed about what chemicals they are using or could potentially come across. Step 1: Assess the risk Step 2: Decide what precautions are needed Step 3: Prevent or adequately control exposure Step 4: Ensure that control measures are used and maintained. Step 5: Monitor the exposure. Step 6: Carry out appropriate health surveillance. Step 7: Prepare plans and procedures to deal with accidents, incidents and emergencies. Step 8: Ensure employees are properly informed, trained and supervised. COSHH states that employees have to be trained into dealing with bodily fluids and other hazardous substances, this is because the people collecting evidence and moving a body at a crime scene can be contaminated, and to ensure this the employees do not become contaminated by an substances they have to wear gloves, goggles, suits and masks so that no substance can be touched or breathed in. Management of health and safety at work The Crime Scene When a crime scene is discovered, I think this is the series of events that will happen, the cleaner will see the broken glass when they have come into work and go over to investigate the area, the cleaner will the go through the door and see the body of the victim. They will check to see if there are any life signs from the victim and then look around to see if there is anyone else in the area. After this the police will be called to investigate further When a crime scene of a murder scene is discovered by an individual, the police come to investigate that there is actually a crime scene. When this has been assessed the Scene of Crime Officer will be the first onto the scene and they will cordon off the area, the best point of access will then be chosen and that will also be cordoned off, this is so that no one who should not be there will not gain entry to the crime scene and contaminate the crime scene or the evidence within it the access point has to be so that it is not the same as the access point the suspect has used so the evidence is not contaminated. The scene of crime officer will then have the responsibility to set up and inner and outer cordon, this is because the inner cordon will be around the evidence to ensure that it will not be touched and contaminated, the outer cordon will be around the area, this is so that evidence such as footprints are not contaminated. There are six different types of people that can appear at the scene of the crime to investigate the area and scan the scene for evidence, these are: The Public: the public are most likely to appear on the scene of the crime first, this is because they generally want to know exactly what is going on, when the scene turns into an investigation the area has to be specially cordoned off to prevent the public from entering the area and accidentally destroying evidence. First Officer: The first officer or constable checks the scene for any visible evidence and has to take note of the environment such as the weather and any strange smells in the area. The First Officer also cordons off the evidence from public view. Crime Scene Manager/Investigating Officer is responsible for the crime until the case is ended such as someone being convicted or the case being dropped. The Scene of Crime Officer cordons off the inner and outer area and collects the evidence. Scientific Support: The scientific support put the evidence in bags and labelled them and then sends it to the forensic scientists for further analysis. Scientific Support is paid by the Scene of Crime Officer. Others: The other people that can appear on the scene is the media to report to the public on what happened. The army, fire arms experts, paramedics and anthropologists can also be present on a crime scene. Our crime scene: After school has finished, every Thursday evening between the hours 4:00pm 6:00pm there is a rock climbing club that takes place in the school gym. On Friday 13th November at 7:26am the school cleaner discovers the body of 18 year old Harriet Oaks who is a consistent member of the rock climbing club. Various evidence was found at the crime scene, the body was found on the floor next to the rock climbing wall with a rope around the neck which have caused strangulation marks, fibres from a jumper was found in her mouth and throat, these fibres were from a jumper that was also left at the crime scene. It was also found that there was pollen on the jumper which will be used for further evidence. The body was found still wearing rock climbing clothing, in the pockets of her tracksuit bottoms a fine white powder was found, in the alternative pocket a letter was found addressed to one of the suspects, the rock climbing teacher Mr Ross Hill who it was also found that they were having an affair. Outside of the crime scene there were other various evidence that can contribute to the finding of the suspect. The evidence that was found was paint on a bollard which is assumed to be from a car, maybe the car of the suspect, the other evidence was found was soil footprints that was found inside of the building and also a blood splatter that could have been from the suspect when they had broken in. CCTV footage was also found that could contain evidence from the crime scene. This was the evidence that was found: -Pollen -Letter -White powder in the pocket -Finger Prints -CCTV footage Evidence How its collected Why was it collected How is it stored Blood on the window I would use a cotton bud to scrape the blood from the surface. It can be DNA tested and find instant evidence on who the suspect could be. Tyre marks and footprints Tyre and footprints are collected in the same way by me; a plaster cast is taken of the soil. Footprints are very important because it can be used to tell what type of shoes the suspect was wearing, if the suspect was male or female, how tall they are and how much the suspect weights. When the cast has dried it is sealed in a plastic bag and then labelled, this is to prevent cross contamination. The bag that will be used is made out of strong plastic and is used to keep the evidence safe and intact. Paint Paint on a surface can be scraped from the surface, the flake of paint can be used to be analysed. I would also use a cotton bud to collect wet paint. The police would use this as evidence because it can be used to tell which car was used to commit the crime, this is because most cars have different paint on them so it can be used to decipher what car was used. The paint will be placed inside of a bag and then labelled. This is because the bag will prevent the paint from being cross contaminated or damaged. Soil If the footprint is found inside then I would have to take a photograph of the footprint because it can be psychically collected. The photo of the footprint can be used to decipher what type of shoe the suspect was wearing at the time of the crime. The photo will be placed in a plastic bag so that it can be examined and looked at with out the photo being damaged or contaminated. Fibres If I found fibres in the victims throat would be taken out with tweezers and placed in a container. However if fibres are found on clothing then the whole piece of clothing would be collected. Fibres can be anaylsed to see if the fibres match any items worn by the suspect. Fibres are stored in a brown paper bag this is so that they do not become contaminated and so that the clothing can breathe as it will be stored for a long period of time. Pollen Pollen that was found in the victims throat would be taken out with a cotton bud and placed in a container. However if the pollens are found on clothing then the whole piece of clothing would be collected. Pollen is collected because it can be used to tell where the suspect has been at the time the crime had taken place or how they have escaped the crime scene. This is because pollen is different from different flowers so it can easily be used to decipher which flowers the suspect has been near to. Pollen that has been found on clothing will be stored in a brown paper bag to allow the clothing to breath and prevent cross contamination. Finger prints Finger prints are invisible to the naked eye, so to collect them a light has to be shone onto the finger print with a powder sprinkled on it. This is so the print becomes visible and then I would have to take a photograph. Everyone has different fingerprints so the print can be used to tell exactly who committed the crime. The photo will be placed in a plastic bag so that it can be examined and looked at with out the photo being damaged or contaminated. White Powder The powder is placed into a pot and then experiments are conducted on it to see what kind of powder it was The powder can be analysed to see what it was and it may be able to help contribute to the crime case. It is put in a pot and sealed to prevent cross contamination or lost. Letter The letter will be taken out of the victims pocket and then placed in a paper bag The letter is collected to give further evidence about the victims personal life and also the victims handwriting can also be analysed. The letter will be kept in a plastic bag to ensure that it does not become damaged or contaminated. It also means that the letter can be read and analysed without being taken out of the bag Searching for evidence There are a variety of different ways to search for evidence at a crime scene, if a crime has taken place in a large field or open area a large amount of police are gathered into a series of parallel lines to scan the area for evidence, this will ensure that every inch of space is searched so no evidence can go amiss. If a crime has taken place in an indoor area the spiral method will be used to search for evidence, this means the police will go from the outer cordon and spiral inwards to cover the whole area; this is so that no evidence can be contaminated or broken. The last search method is dividing into grids, this ensures that each section is covered so no evidence can be missed or contaminated. The grid division method is mainly used in indoor environments because it means every inch of area will be searched. Collecting evidence pollen Testing pollen is essential to finding out who could have possibly committed a crime. A Forensic Botanist which is a plant scientist extracts grains of pollen from a piece of clothing that could have been worn by the suspect, pollen is used because the suspect rarely even remembers that pollen could be used as a piece of evidence. The forensic Botanist can therefore use key identification to understand what type of pollen has been on the suspect and from which species of flower, this will then be used to identify if the suspect has been at the crime scene at any given time. Analysing footprint and tyre prints Distinction Justify why the procedure is done? Possible Errors: Dont get the whole imprint of a clear footprint -If you spray hairspray too close the soil will be moved. weather can affect the footprint. If you do not move quickly enough the plaster will set before it is poured into the footprint. -If the plaster is of the wrong consistency then it will not set if there is too much water and if there is too much plaster the liquid will not pour over footprint Experiment I first mixed three parts of plaster of Paris and two parts water, then mixed thoroughly together to create the plaster and it is completely liquefied. I put a dam around the plaster so it does not run out of it As the soil is loose I put hairspray on so the soil does not move away. If I put it too close to the hairspray will move the soil. I then poured the plaster slowly and evenly over the footprint by not pouring directly on the footprint, this is done by holding a spatula underneath the plaster and letting the plaster run over it smoothly before it falls onto the footprint. I then waited for the plaster to set When the cast has been set the forensics analyst looks at various things within the footprint to help them in catching the suspect. This is done by looking at the size of the shoe which can help determine the gender and the height of the culprit. The type of print can also help tell if the culprit was running or walking through the scene of the crime and whether or not there is any definitive aspects to the shoe the suspect was wearing such as the make of the shoe and any ridges or other features on the shoe. Fibres Another experiment that I have conducted is collecting evidence that consist of fibres from clothing items and seeing what they look like under a microscope. The method is exactly the same as the pollen collection however instead of brushing the fibres onto a piece of fabric, I had to pull the fibres off one by one and spread them out as thinly as possible so that I could get a clearer look. The polyester and acrylic fibers looked exactly the same however but the cotton fibre looked very different. Fibres will be used as evidence as clothing from the suspect could rub off onto the victim or the environment. Fingerprints I also conducted a fourth experiment to evaluate the collection of evidence by taking fingerprints. The fourth experiment that I conducted to research the taking of evidence was by taking fingerprints. The class had two community police officers in to explain the processes on a crime scene in which the ways all types of evidence is collected. They gave us sheets that are used when taking fingerprints and they also gave us ink pads. Fingerprints are taken by making one rolling movement with each finger on the ink pad then the same movement onto the sheet. The first set of fingerprints taken is of the tips of each finger on both hands, it is then done with the four pads of the fingers together and the pads of the thumbs separately. Finally, the side print of the hand is taken. Although this experiment that I conducted has been used a lot in the past and is still used, there is new technology that allows police to scan the criminals fingerprints without the use of ink and paper. This means it is much more reliable, less messy and easy to do if the criminal refuses. Below are images of different types of finger prints; Police Notes: The police were called into the school lab; the evidence that was found was hairspray, cigarette butt, coat and a coffee cup. The hairspray that was found was sprayed with aluminium powder and a fingerprint was found, however this fingerprint cannot be used as evidence as it is known that the fingerprint is that of a police person, this is known because every member of the police force have to have their fingerprints taken when they first join the police. However if a gloved had of been used they would not know if the evidence from the glove belonged to the suspected criminal or a member of the police collecting evidence. The coffee cups that have been found have to be emptied of their contents and sealed into packaging for later testing, the packaging has to be marked as fragile because if the cup is destroyed the DNA will be harder to obtain. When collecting evidence from the coat it has to be done quickly as the coat could go mouldy if it is placed into an evidence bag, so the coat is therefore taken to the station and hung to dry and then placed into a brown paper bag, this will therefore allow the coat to breath. Both shoes and clothing items are packed in this way, however shoes will have to be packed separately as different shoes may have different evidence on them, this will stop both of the shoes from cross contaminating one another so they can be used in court. A knife is found with blood on it, it was found that the offender was suicidal and tried to commit suicide by cutting their wrists as they were addicted to drugs, it was then discovered that the crime was committed as the offender needed money to buy drugs. This is called acquisitive crimes and consists of a total of 7 out of 10 crimes committed today; these are crimes such as theft, burglary and shop lifting just to get money to feed a drug addiction. However, if a serious crime was committed with this knife such as a stabbing the community police will have no involvement as SOCO will have to be called in to deal with proceedings. The knife will be collected by placing it into a plastic tube and then that is placed inside of a bag and secured safely. If a tube is not available then SOCO have to improvise by securing the weapon in a box with wire then in a bag. Bags will always be reused and every piece of evidence is secured inside of one to be taken back to the station for further analysis. Method for coffee cup collecting and packaging:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pour liquid contents into the sink holding the handle with one finger hooked through to make liquid pour out the opposite side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Get bag and fill in the outside labels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Put mug into the bag the same way the cup was held when being emptied of any content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Remove the blue tape and seal. Blood Splatter Experiment I conducted an experiment to test the way a person can tell which way blood has splattered on to a surface. The experiment was tested with watered down poster paint. I tested the drips on five different angles. These were 25 °, 45 °, 60 °, 70 ° and 90 °. If there is blood found at a crime scene the people responsible for testing it would look at the evenness as well as the course in which the blood had come from, this is because if the blood appears to be of a thick consistency it will mean that the blood has been on the surface for a long period of time, However if the blood appears to be very thin it will mean that the blood has been splattered onto the surface recently. The forensic analysis would want to look for the direction in which the drops had come in to identify where the victim had been attacked from, as this could also help to find out what the casualty was hit with depending on the quantity of blood and the distance from the impact it is. Equipment: A retort stand A clamp One pipette A wood block with slits in at each degree angle 15 sheets of A5 paper 1 sheet of A5 card Red poster paint 1 beaker 1 newspaper sheet Ruler Group Results: Angle Distance travelled 1 Distance travelled 2 Distance travelled 3 Average 25 2.5cm 2cm 3cm 2.5cm 45 2.5cm 1cm 2cm 1.8cm 60 1.2cm 2.3cm 1cm 1.5cm 70 1.8cm 1.9cm 1cm 1.6cm 90 1.5cm 1cm 0.8cm 1.1cm Class Results: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Average 25 2.33 1.3 2.5 2.06 1.6 1.23 2.5 1,93 45 0.83 0.93 2.1 1.36 0.9 1 1.8 1.27 60 0.67 1.06 0.9 1.2 1.13 0.8 1.5 1.03 70 1 1 0.6 1.36 0.8 0.93 1.6 90 0.9 1.2 0.7 1.13 1.03 0.73 1.1 I first started by setting up the apparatus, this was a retort stand with the clamp attached and the pipette held insecurely in the clamp as this would ensure an precise drop of paint. By putting the pipette loosely in the clamp an error may be caused as the pipette will be able to move too freely and the blood will get splattered inaccurately. This error is hard to prevent because if the clamp is twisted tighter to secure the pipette firmly then it will cause the pipette to be bent and the drop will fail to drop as the pipette will be blocked or the splatter may not end up in the same place. To recover this error, the clam should be left in a loose position and should also be kept steady when the drop is being made, this will therefore prevent the drop from being inaccurate The clamp was placed at 50 cm along the retort stand to make the experiment more accurate as it would not be moved after each drop. Underneath I placed some newspaper down onto the table to prevent it from becoming contaminated and to also so I could draw around a wooden block that I had placed over it. An error that could occur here is that if the newspaper moves through the experiment it may move the apparatus on the top which will mean the experiment will be in a different angle and will therefore make the experiment less accurate. This error can be prevented by sticking the newspaper down securely to prevent the apparatus from moving; the apparatus should also be constantly checked throughout the duration of the experiment to ensure that it has not been misplaced. I placed a wooden block under where the pipette will drip and drew around the bottom of it to make sure it is placed back in the same place every time the paper is changed around, this will ensure that the experiment is more accurate and ensure valid results. Next, I poured paint into a beaker and then used the pipette which is secured in the clamp to gather the paint and to then create a drop. I then wrote on each piece of paper the degree it will be used on and the number it was on that angle. After this I set up the paper in the wood block by taking the piece of card and a piece of paper fitting to the number and angle and securing them both together in the 25 ° slot. The card is used to make sure the paper does not move around when the drop hits the surface which will mean the results of the experiment will be reliable. Once all apparatus was set up and put in the right places I made the first drop onto the paper, waited for it to stop running down the sheet and then prepared to make the next drop. An error could be made if the paint is not left running because it will render the results inaccurate. I then carried this method out again three times each but at different angles, this was done so it would easier to find an average length for each angle.The class then took their results and put them up on the board to create an overall average. Main techniques for analysing chemical, physical and biological evidence Chemical Evidence UV spectrometer UV/visible spectrometry is used for the determination of the concentration of UV or light-absorbing substances in a solution. It works by a light passing through a solution; the higher the Mol concentration of the solution the more light is absorbed. The percentage of transmittance helps analysing the Mol concentration. This specific piece of kit is used because it simple and effective to use because it is all used on computers and therefore anyone can use it with minimal training. There are some problems and variables to using a UV spectrometer to measure light absorbing substances in a solution and that is that it cannot transfer light through glass because glass does not absorb any of the light. Furthermore when the substance is being tested it will need to have a covering placed over it to ensure that the substance does not evaporate when the UV light is shined onto it. Another problem that could arise is that there may not be enough samples to carry the test so a large substance will be needed. Furthermore, there is a chance that the machine could break down. I chose this piece of equipment because this piece of equipment is reliable as it give accurate results, however there is a great chance of human error because the plates can be touched which will therefore give unreliable results. Risk Assessment: The UV spectrometer can cause electrical shock chemical spillage and contact with moving parts. When using this equipment make sure that you wear gloves to avoid skin contact with chemicals. Do not touch any of the wires while the machine is turned on to avoid electrical shocks and do not touch the inside of the machine while it is determining the concentration of UV. Also when using this piece of equipment make sure that it is placed in the middle of the working surface to ensure that the machine cannot be knocked off and hurt somebody. The user of this machine should also wear gloves to protect the skin from absorbing any of the UV and visible light frequencies. Sulphuric Acid: Sulphuric acid is a corrosive chemical that can severely burn the eyes and skin if it comes into contact. At worst it can cause third degree burns and blindness to the victim. In its vapour form it can cause damage to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs, this can be very dangerous especially for Asthmatics because the vapour can cause a build up of fluid in the lungs. If sulphuric acid is ingested vomiting should not be induced, the victim should be given large quantities of water and should seek immediate medical attention. In case of skin contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Excess acid on skin can be neutralized with a 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda. The victim should then seek medical attention. If sulphuric acid contaminates the eyes, then the eyes should be washed with a constant flow of water for 15 minutes occasionally lifting the lower and uppe r eyelids. To prevent these accidents from happening the user of this chemical should wear goggles, gloves and protective clothing to prevent any contamination. Potassium Manganate: This chemical is very corrosive. Harmful if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Inhalation may result in spasm, inflammation and oedema of the larynx and bronchi, chemical pulmonary oedema. Symptoms of exposure may include burning sensation, coughing, wheezing, and laryngitis, shortness of breath, headache, nausea and vomiting. In case of skin contact, immediately flush skin with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. If this chemical is inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult give oxygen. If swallowed, wash out mouth with water provided person is conscious. Seek medical attention and do not induce vomiting. If the chemical is spilt on clothing wash contaminated clothing before reuse. Method 1. Take 3 plastic cuvettes. Fill one (~3/4 full) with 1M sulphuric acid solutions, fill one with potassium manganate (VII) solution and fill the third with potassium dichromate (VI) solution. 2. Place the cuvette containing the acid into the spectrophotometer. Ensure that the clear/transparent sides of the cuvette are in the beam (not the opaque sides) 3. Set the absorbance wavelength to 400nm. 4. Set the reading to zero. (This is the baseline in which all measurements are made against) 5. Place the cuvette containing potassium manganate (VII) solution into the spectrophotometer and record the absorbance reading in Table 1. 6. Place the cuvette containing potassium manganate (VII) solution into the spectrophotometer and record the absorbance reading in Table 1. UV- visible Spectrophotomerty Table 1: Absorbance Data Wavelength (nm) Absorbance Manganate (VII) Absorbance Dichromate (VI) 400 0.076 1 420 0.035 1.157 440 0.062 1.061 460 0.162 0.848 480 0.408 0.490 500 0.763 0.219 520 1.114

The Myth Of Birth Orders and Personality :: Parenting Parenthood

Does birth order really influence personal traits? Many researchers believe that the first-born child is parental, responsible, hardworking and intelligent. The middle-born child is more competitive, tends to be a people-pleaser and usually hates quarrel. Youngest are social, less capable of doing things. But I have found different traits comparing to researchers findings. Defining ones personality through their birth order can be a lot like horoscopes. Horoscopes are so sweeping that they can apply to anyone. The same can go for birth order. While I do have many of the traits first-borns are said to have, I also have a lot of the characteristics that the youngest have. The author in the passage tried to give logical reasons to prove it, but I saw many examples in real life which has no connection with the author’s logic. Let me share some of those relating with the author’s logic. The firstborn child is not parental at all. In many families we can see that the younger brother’s are dominating the older sister. For example, one of my friends, Shanila, likes to talk with her friends at night. Most of the times her parents stay outside home so there is suppose to be no one to stop her. But she faces many troubles for her younger brother, Akash. He always tries to be parental and take care of Shanila by scolding her if she talks too much in phone. Sometimes Akash read SMS in her mobile and take numbers from her mobile to call and check the guy with whom she was talking the whole night. Sometimes younger brother also helps older ones with academic problems. Shanila is not a good student neither she have any interest with her study. She always faces problems with her assignments. So most of the time her brother force her like a parent to study. Therefore, I think it is the situation and parents influence which makes a people parental. Shanila’s parents give full right to Akash to take care of Shanila because her parents think boys are more capable than girls. So if any younger brother falls in a situation where he needs to be parental it can force him to be parental. The firstborn children are more social. I have seen in absence of parents in the house the oldest child communicate with different neighbor for various reasons. For instance, when Rajiv’s parents stay outside home Rajiv serve the guests who come to their home.

Anthrax :: essays research papers

1. The anthrax bacillus is considered the first "germ" proved to cause human disease. In 2001, Anthrax was deliberately spread through the postal system by sending letters with powder containing anthrax. This caused 22 cases of anthrax infection. 2. Anthrax is a serious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium that forms spores. There are three types of anthrax: skin (cutaneous) lungs (inhalation) digestive (gastrointestinal) 3. Anthrax is not known to spread from one person to another. Humans can become infected with anthrax by handling products from infected animals or by breathing in anthrax spores from infected animal products (like wool, for example). People also can become infected with digestive anthrax by eating undercooked meat from infected animals. 4. The symptoms (warning signs) of anthrax are different depending on the type of the disease: Cutaneous: The first symptom is a small sore that develops into a blister. The blister then develops into a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. Gastrointestinal: The first symptoms are nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea, and fever, followed by bad stomach pain. Inhalation: The first symptoms of inhalation anthrax are like cold or flu symptoms and can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. Later symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tiredness and muscle aches. 5. Antibiotics are used to treat all three types of anthrax. Early identification and treatment are important. Treatment is usually a 60-day course of antibiotics. Success depends on the type of anthrax and how soon treatment begins. 6. Vaccination. There is a vaccine to prevent anthrax, but it is not yet available for the general public. 7. Those who are often exposed to animals, or those in developing countries, especially those without strong veterinary public health programs. 8. The bacterium's destructive properties are due largely to toxins, which consist of three proteins: protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor. Protective antigen (PA) binds to select cells of an infected person or animal and forms a channel that permits edema factor and lethal factor to enter those cells. Edema factor (EF), once inside the cell, causes fluid to accumulate at the site of infection. EF can contribute to a fatal buildup of fluid in the cavity surrounding the lungs. It also can inhibit some of the body's immune functions.

Russian Revolution and Orwell Essay -- Animal Farm George Orwell Novel

Russian Revolution and Orwell Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution have many similarities and ideas. The characters, settings, and the plots are the same. In addition Animal Farm is a satire and allegory of the Russian Revolution, George Orwell meant for it to be that way. My essay will cover the comparison between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. Also it will explain why this novel is a satire and allegory to the Revolution. First of all the characters of the farm have a special role in Russian Revolution. The farm itself represents Russia, with its poor conditions and non-responsible leaders. Napoleon, the evil pig who plays Joseph Stalin in real life. Snowball, the leader who gives aid and information to Napoleon and plays the character Lenin on the Russian revolution...

Research Credibility And Research Ethical Issues Education Essay

This chapter is about research method that we have applied for this thesis and the grounds that why we have choose this method in our research. In this subdivision, this survey ‘s research method is started with Research scheme, research types, informations aggregation techniques which we have followed. Furthermore, we will speak about research credibleness and research ethical issues. Students and research workers have to happen out the best suitable manner to depict and document their proceedings, findings, thesis and thesiss depending upon the features every bit good as nature of the research. There are two chief methods to document a research: Qualitative research and Quantitative research. Before traveling into the inside informations of our preferable pick, we would wish to convey our clearer position to both footings. Quantitative research, in its simplest significances, is more appropriate when the difference in footings of measurings and sums ( more or less, bigger or smaller, frequently or rarely ) is to be studied ( Thomas R.M, 2003 ) . Seal ( 1999 ) argues that in quantitative research, research workers can utilize tabular arraies of Numberss based on standardised measuring devices which are introduced and described in the literature to sum up the measurings. Thomas ( 2003 ) defined quantitative research as followers: â€Å" Quantitative research uses Numberss and statistical methods. It tends to be based on numerical measurings of specific facets of phenomena ; it abstracts from peculiar cases to seek general description or to prove causal hypotheses ; it seeks measurings and analyses that are easy replicable by other research workers † . In the contrast, qualitative research is more concerned in the reading of events and societal behaviours ( Thomas R.M, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Cresswell ( 2007 ) qualitative research is an inquiry procedure of understanding based on distinguishable methodological traditions of enquiry that explore a societal or human job. A research worker builds a complex, holistic image, analyzes the universe, studies detailed positions of sources and conducts the survey in natural scene. Thomas ( 2003 ) defined qualitative research as followers: â€Å" Qualitative research is multi-methods in focal point, affecting and interpretative realistic attack to its capable affair. This means that qualitative research workers study things in their natural scenes, trying to do sense of, or interpret phenomena in footings of significances people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the studied usage and aggregation of a assortment of empirical stuffs – instance survey, personal experience, introspective, life narrative, interview, experimental, historical, interactive and ocular texts that describe everyday and debatable minutes and significances in people ‘s lives † . Qualitative research can be achieved through many informations aggregation methods such as observation, interviews, focal point groups and paperss and others ( Fisher et al. , 2007 ) . The nature of our research inquiry clearly indicates that we need a elaborate and deep survey about the issue. A qualitative survey is utile attack to acquire deep apprehension ( Creswell, 2007 ) and research inquiries get downing with why or how are hard to quantify, which is cause of a qualitative attack recommendation for such types of research inquiries that have an exploratory research methodological analysis ( Yin, 2003 ) . Along with the research inquiry, this research survey is aimed to intensify the apprehension of Virtual University ‘s working in Pakistan. This aspect strengthens our pick to carry on a qualitative research along with several others e.g. nature of research inquiries. Our purpose is seeking to happen an reply that what benefits are being provided by practical university i n Pakistan. Benefits ca n't be step and taken into an sum particularly in our research survey. Some may reason that benefits can be step in currency or something else but that ‘s really rarely and in rather different scenes. Second, the chief research inquiry focuses on how does ICT supported distance instruction work in Pakistan. This inquiry ca n't be answered in magnitudes and measurings. Aforesaid conditions set qualitative research as best option for us to follow in order to carry on this research survey and reply the research inquiries.Research SchemeYin ( 1994 ) besides describes different intents of research: explanatory, Exploratory and descriptive. Harmonizing to Yin ( 1994 ) , a research worker can utilize a research scheme to on the footing of its attack and features. Research method is important to the acquisition of scientific values and cognition as explained by Marczyk et Al. ( 2005 ) : â€Å" Science can be defined as a methodological and systematic attack to the acquisition of new cognition † . Supplemented by ( Bryman 2001, confirm it with the mention manner ) explicit findings gathered through systematic attack harmonizing to the research inquiry ( s ) should be included in the every research. Our research survey has twofold intent: to understand the working of ICT supported engineerings in Pakistan and how the ICT can be used and implemented to carry through the educational demands and maximal benefits. The encephalon storming session started with the phenomenal success of Virtual University of Pakistan. Virtual University is the first, yet one and merely, of its sort in Pakistan and have a phenomenal success ratio along with the high quality instruction. The formless and unorganised brainstorming to this research essay was started with the construct of vitamin E acquisition in Pakistan. E acquisition is widely accepted all over the universe and believed to hold its blend in instruction sector and has already formed a new movi ng ridge of larning system, although, the descent of distance acquisition is associated to late 1800. Virtual university in Pakistan was inaugurated in March 2002. The thought behind the development of this establishment was to utilize the antecedently established substructure ( for conventional acquisition institutes ) and provide quality instruction with a blend of handiness and flexibleness. During our pre-study and unstructured encephalon ramping stage, we came across the fact the intercrossed acquisition theoretical account is chiefly used for such sort of undertakings. We started to research the research country by researching vitamin E acquisition in its different forms in general, different theoretical accounts for vitamin E acquisition, engineerings used for vitamin E acquisition, in house and off the shelf merchandises and solutions to different challenges. This later was followed by concentrating on vitamin E acquisition in Pakistan and its success during past twosome of old ages. This literature survey helped us to contract down the research subject with a well defined focal point point, define the job country to work upon and form good structured research inquiries. Pre survey along with the literature survey besides helped us to develop the theoretical foundation of our research survey. The information for research survey, including both certification provided by the university forces and in-detail interviews with forces stand foring Virtual University of Pakistan and the pupils of Virtual University of Pakistan. Students will be selected i ndiscriminately and will be contacted for interviews to forestall the influence of some specific group representation. The interviews and informations gathered will be analyzed by utilizing the analysis model and will be presented in the analysis subdivision of this study. There are diverse manners of research surveies out at that place. This research essay is influenced from pragmatism and positivism with a blend of explanatory survey. Pragmatism focuses on thought and work outing jobs in a realistic manner. Oxford University imperativeness defined pragmatism as â€Å" believing about work outing jobs in a practical and reasonable manner instead than by holding fixed thoughts and theories † [ mention ] where as Cambridge online dictionary defines it as â€Å" when you deal with a job in a realistic manner instead than obeying theories and fixed regulations † . Positivism in its significances defined by Oxford University Press is â€Å" a system of doctrine based on things that can be seen or approved, instead than on thoughts † . Our research survey is explanatory in nature as explanatory research survey is used to intensify the cognition of the object field and to seek the comprehension. Positivism and pragmatism are clearly defi ned in the academic literature and possibly hold really good formed boundaries in the literature but when it is the instance to implement them in pattern, they sometimes overlap. However we are non claiming that our research have purely followed any of these, since they are wide constructs in scientific debate, but saying our research survey has sunglassess of these comprehensive constructs. Our research survey is explanatory and we think it ‘s instead of import to advert what type of cognition is sought and aimed for given that there are several types and classifications and unmeasurable cognition bing in a assortment of formats out at that place, and the replies every bit good as analysis might hold different intensions depending upon the sort of cognition is aimed for. Sociology section at Ohio province university has categorized the intent of research as followers: Exploratory, Descriptive and Explanatory. The intent of explorative research surrounds the finds in the focussed subject and unveils the facts about it. It besides helps in the preparation of inquiries, set waies and provides the feasibleness of future surveies. Specific inside informations of the state of affairs are studied in Descriptive Research with a well formed and focused research inquiry. Whereas, Explanatory research focuses on the ground behind the state of affairs being or have been occur red. Explanatory research usually uses theory and much of the research being published in diary presents is explanatory [ Ohio State University ] . While composing a research essay, along with other deliberations, it was taken attention at a great extent to supply the fullness cognition of the topic to the reader. A reader of an academic research essay can be a cognition searcher, a pupil, an industry professional and a research bookman. A reader should besides be able to happen out the connectivity and the ruddy yarn throughout the research survey. Whereas the research survey should, in itself, be able to exhibit connectivity, grounds and scientific debate every bit good as the outgrowth of the research country and research job. To guarantee this, we found thematic construction good suited for our intent. Thematic construction, in linguistics, as defined by Wikipedia has three intents in it as followers: â€Å" to convey given information and new information † â€Å" capable and predicate † â€Å" Frame and penetration † The actual procedure, nevertheless, from the really get downing to stop was literary since the cognition retrieved from the literature, the pre-study stage and the information received from different beginnings was gathered, processed and analyzed in different unit of ammunitions and so was added to the research study. To guarantee the connectivity, we besides plotted the summery to each chapter at the terminal and an debut was to the chapter was besides placed at the start of each chapter. We categorized the day of the month in each chapter with part classs called as headers and sub subdivisions called as subheadings to guarantee the hierarchal construction of the study and, slightly, do it instead easier for the reader to understand. The undermentioned figure shows the stairss taken and the procedure to finish the research survey.Datas assemblageDifferent type can be used during a research survey to beef up the research and support findings. Date gathered during the survey besides richens the quality of research and back up the treatment and analysis ( Seals 1999 ) . During our survey, we found three basic types of informations assemblage are appropriate for to back up our debate ; Interviews, observations and certification ( Seals, 1999 ) . Different types of informations garnering techniques non merely back up the cogency of the information gathered and assist in the generalisation. Furthermore, cyberspace was besides used as secondary type to garner quality informations ( Creswell, 2007 ) but besides fortify the research to organize the triangulation in the research survey. Additionally, cyberspace was besides used as a secondary type for day of the month assemblage.Interview usher coevalsAn interview usher in dicates the subjects and sequence of these subjects in the interview, which should be prepared before carry oning the interview ( Kvale, 1996 ) . Our interview usher ( Appendix No ) contains inquiries which we selected to maintain in position the focal point of our survey. We have unfastened inquiries to acquire maximal information from interviewees. Nodoubt replies of such inquiries hard to compare with each others ( interviewees ) , but its sure that the subject of these replies will be common ( Ostbye et Al. 2003:143 ) .InterviewsInterviews were the basic component of our informations assemblage scheme as mentioned earlier. Harmonizing to Yin ( 2003 ) in information assemblage and analyzing, interviews are the basic and cardinal beginnings. Since we have adopted a qualitative attack in order to carry on our survey so the possibility to plan questionnaires was eliminated. Harmonizing to Preece et Al ( 2003 ) there are four types of interviews: Structured, Semi Structured, Unstruct ured and group interviews. Whereas group interviews are more a sort of treatment in which interviewer has less control over the interview activity. The remainder ; semi structured, structured and unstructured interviews provide much control to the interviews in the signifier of predefined set of inquiries. Preece et Al, ( 2003 ) besides argued about the pick of interviews types depending upon the aim and the research inquiries. Our research inquiries and aim has set us to plan semi-structured interviews since the purpose is to hold an overall apprehension of the working of ICT based distance larning in Pakistan. Harmonizing to Preece et Al, ( 2003 ) semi structured interviews are more appropriate when the purpose is to acquire a comprehension or feed back to some specific issue. Semi structured interviews are a blend of structured and unstructured interviews dwelling both unfastened and closed inquiries. In order to keep consistence, we designed interviews so that we can get down qu estioning in a pre-planned manner and subsequently can delve deeper into the subject and question the interviewee to acquire the really relevant information. Now we would wish to convey our reader to our designed construction of the interview.Structure of the interviewIn order to plan the interviews, we followed preece et Al, ( 2003 ) who outlined 5 chief Sessionss in an interview viz. ; Introduction session, warm up session, chief session, cool – off session and shutting session. Introductory session: apparent by its name, both interviewees and interviewer were officially introduced to each other and the aim of the research was explained to the interviewee. Confidentiality and other ethical issues were besides discussed and got approved during this session. Warm up session: non endangering inquiries were posed during this session to garner basic information about the interviewee and his/her duties in the organisation. E.g. for how long have you been working in this organisation? Main session: Main session consisted of the inquiries to adhere the job and was focused to reply the research inquiries. Questions in chief session were good aligned to garner the basic apprehension to the really elaborate information about the focussed subject. Cool off session: cool off Sessionss consisted of instead of import and unfastened inquiry to proceeding towards the terminal of the interview. E.g. would you like add any more item? Closing session: interviewer thanks to the interviewee and switches off the entering signaling that interviewee has ended. Not holding so much structurised interviews entertained interviewees with a less controlled environment which helped them to explicate their position and point of views in a different angle and their engagement towards the topic. This sort of interview technique besides has disadvantages as there is no clear boundary to specify what lies outside of the aim and how to command the interviewee and mold them back to the subject.Interview SelectionDifferent informations aggregation motive has different grade of interview constructions. When selected the interview construction there are a few different types to see in order justifying that why the particular type was chosen. â€Å" At one extreme is the structured interview, where the interviewer asks the respondent a preset set of inquiries which can non be changed or restructured. An unstructured interview on the other manus, takes on an opposite attack. In such an interview the respondent is able to speak freely about the subject without any guidance or influence from the interviewer ( Teorell & A ; Svensson, 2006 ) . In between these two extremes is the semi-structured interview where the preparation of the inquiries can change depending on the respondent. The interviewer merely uses an interview usher with a few subjects and issues that need to be covered ( Fisher, 2007 ) . The pick of the degree of construction should be guided by the intent of the research † ( Franzen & A ; Gunes 2008 ) . We selected semi-structure interviews because we want to give the interviewee the opportunity to lend more without interrupting and restricting. Our intent to choose semi-structure interview is that the interviewee non merely answer to our inquiries, but besides can show extra point ‘s remarks which may lend to the research even further. In add-on, Franzen & A ; Gunes ( 2008 ) explain: â€Å" Furthermore, semi-structured interviews will enable adaptation to each respondent and interview scene by al- mooing us to: alteration preparations of the inquiries, reorder them, and follow up with new inquiries if needed. A job with a less structured attack is the increased trouble of transporting out the analysis due to the complexness of the information gathered ( Holme & A ; Solvang, 1997 ) . However, we believe the additions will be superior to this drawback. †Respondent / Interviewee Preparation and SchedulingThe choice of interviewee or respondent is really of import because right information is merely acquire from relevant individual. In order to acquire information about first portion of our thesis â€Å" working of ICT based instruction † , we selected managerial staff that has complete background, history and current position of VU undertaking. For this intent foremost we get elaborate information like appellations, functions and responsibilities of al l employees from all sections of VU. As this was hard undertaking but we clearly mentioned our intent of research, which prepare their head to collaborate with us. To acquire in contact with the right individuals we started by reaching the highest possible employees by electronic mail. Many phone calls and electronic mails were necessary to happen the right individual, and agree on an interview day of the month. These are all people with busy agendas and any assignment had to be done early. Since clip is money it is of import non to blow the interviewee ‘s clip. Being good prepared and holding clear inquiries will do the interview a reasonably speedy and easy procedure for all parts involved ( Kvale, S. 1996 ) . Interview is non merely manner to aggregation of informations even building of informations ( Kvale, 1996 ) . In order to hold entree of inteviewees ‘ informations for subsequently utilize a location and a recording device is necessary. The most appropriate campaigners for interviews were the proficient staff and managerial staff of VU because they can supply coveted information.Table: Structure of IntervieweesSr. # .Intervi ewees ‘ NameDesignation & A ; DepartmentNumber of InterviewsWay of InterviewInterview Plan / ProceduresWe will take up interview with a brief debut of ourselves, grounds to carry on interview and background of our research undertaking. Furthermore, we will besides acquire bio informations of our selected interviewees to understand their cognition and experience in relevant country ( Briony, 2006 ) . Bing good prepared and holding clear inquiries will do the interview a reasonably speedy and easy procedure for all parts involved ( Kvale, S. 1996 ) . Normally our interview clip will be in between 50 to 70 proceedingss to guarantee our interviewee non experience wastage of clip, and will seek to do the interviewees feel comfy and free. We will besides maintain in position all regulations and ordinances of interview like our functions, environment and inquiries type which will be asked. Our function being an interviewer good behaved and will take to normal conversation ( Ostbye et al.2003:104 ) . In our instance, we can non carry on face to confront interview which is really expensive and clip wastage for us travel to Pakistan. So, we will carry on interview by utilizing Skype and electronic mail. As we could non cognize the environment of interviewee ‘s topographic point but we will carry on interview at that day of the month and clip which will be executable for interviewees. There are different ways to carry on interview, for illustration by mail, electronic mail, telephone, VoIP, or face to face. We will prefer electronic mail and VoIP ( Skype ) . We decided that we will carry on foremost interview by electronic mail, the end product of this interview and from this interview we will develop follow-up inquiries. After first electronic mail interview analysis, we will carry on 2nd interview by Skype which give us the chance to inquire follow-up inquiries to acquire more elaborate information.InstrumentalityaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . To be addedaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ .DocumentsSeveral types of paperss were collected from the forces stand foring of Virtual University of Pakistan to understand the working of the organisation. However, we do n't claim that all facets of organisational working were got into attending e.g. fiscal affairs, policy affairs. These paperss helped us to understand the initial set up phase of VU, intents of VU undertakin g, contents development, contents bringing, pupil instructor interaction, Learning Management system and many others things which we do non believe suited to add in our research. Most of these paperss were gathered electronically in digital signifier. Some of them were for public usage and can besides found on the Virtual University ‘s web site and some were confidential and the exclusive intent to present them was to hold a better apprehension. These paperss provide us valuable information which helped us to construction more appropriate interview inquiries.Use of literatureWe conducted a literature reappraisal to supply the rational job country and place of our research to the current literature within the subjects of involvement ( Creswell, 2007 ) . We preferred the choice of those articles about e-learning which are largely cited or referenced by other writers. Articles are primary based on scientific articles found from the Electronic Library Information Navigator ( ELIN ) and the Internet, complemented with commonly well-recognized mention literature. To seek relevant informations, we used keywords of † e-learning † , â€Å" e-learning system † , â€Å" ICT based acquisition † , † ICT based instruction † , â€Å" Virtual Education † , â€Å" Virtual University † , and † Virtual Learning † in different combinations. We besides used books which were issued from Economic School ‘s Library every bit good as used e-book. We took initial measure to research about e-learning from an e-book † Theory and Practice of Online Learning † . These beginnings of information were used to acquire elaborate information about e-learning basic constructs, e-learning system, e-learning theoretical accounts, larning techniques and methods used for research in this country of survey. This was done to reexamine Published literature from e-libraries, books, diaries and documents related to the proposed subject. The literature reappraisal provide context of our research and state approximately work done by others research workers antecedently in this country of survey ( Dawson, 2005 ) . Literature has been an of import portion of research survey with an purpose to roll up the beginnings of literature from both, bookmans and E larning practicians. Of class, at some certain points we had to contract down our research merely on the E acquisition in Pakistan. We collected scholarly articles and research documents to lighten up and intensify our constructs about E larning. We besides used on-line web beginnings and hunt engines ( Google, yokel ) and lexicons, wherever we found it dependable, to do us better understand different constructs and show them in the most appropriate manner to our reader. After roll uping literary stuff, while construing it we found it instead of import to hold a critical position on the beginnings every bit good as the stuff itself since some of the stuff was instead old and was showing rather different expression as compared to current times. Whereas some of the recent research articles glorifies the present tendencies.Datas AnalysisData analy sis is stems the research work and is an of import portion. Data analysis has some certain stairss as argued by Miles and Huberman ( 1994 ) , informations analysis consists of informations decrease, informations show and informations Marczyk et Al ( 2005 ) â€Å" in most type of research surveies, the procedure of informations analysis involves the undermentioned three stairss: ( 1 ) fixing the information for analysis, ( 2 ) analysing the information and ( 3 ) construing the information † . In our research survey, the first measure fixing informations was performed in the signifier of literature reappraisal and the survey of paperss provided by the practical university forces which in title was a uninterrupted and iterative procedure.Research QualityIt is of import to warrant that a research survey has dependability and cogency. In this subdivision, we are traveling to show that how we have worked and followed the cogency and dependability which are belong to the scientific quality research ( Creswell, 2007 ; Seale, 1999 ) . Furthermore, Bias and Ethical motives are besides discussed to back up the research quality of our thesis. Research dependability and cogency are two factors that must be considered to do the research trustworthy ( Bjorklund & A ; Paulsson, 2003 ) . In our research cogency is concerned in which extent we truly measured what we set out to mensurate, and dependability is concerned that our consequences will be same if our research consequences probe by person once more with the same set of instruments.DependabilityaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . To be addedaˆÂ ¦by MraˆÂ ¦ WaqasaˆÂ ¦ .CogencyKvale ( 1996 ) describes cogency is â€Å" a method investigates what it is intended to look into. † In our survey, the interview cogency are chiefly involves if we can right understand what the interviewee mean. As Kvale ( 1996 ) provinces when choose the transcript ‘s lingual manner it is besides of import to accomplish valid interlingual rendition from the unwritten to written certification. Therefore, we checked the text with our interviewee after transcribing. We send th em our written text of their sentiment, if some parts of the written text they do non hold, we will pass on with them and modify the written text.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . To be addedaˆÂ ¦by MraˆÂ ¦ WaqasaˆÂ ¦ .Ethical motivesEthical behaviour helps to protect persons, communities and environments, and offers the potency to increase the amount of good in the universe ( Israel, 2006 ) . Bing responsible research workers, we have to do certain our behaviours will non harm any participants who are belonging to our research procedure during research or after the publication of concluding study. So to do certain good moralss in the research, we informed interviewees by electronic mail and by telephone ( Appendix No ) about issues including the research subject, research inquiry, research range, informations confidentiality, privateness, personal individuality, research result and the questionnaires ( Appendix No ) before interview. It has besides been indicated to I nterviewees that what may go on to the informations, including its possible usage in any studies or publications because this survey might be used by the other people subsequently. So, we managed this research in this manner that there should non be any harm to interviewees and their institute. To maintain in position Privacy, namelessness and confidentiality factors ; interviewees have been informed that they can retreat from the interview without stipulating any ground ( Singer & A ; Vinson, 2002 ) . For better apprehension, the canned interview informations will direct back to interviewees to verify that everything harmonizing to interviewees ‘ words of oral cavity and non any alteration has made in their replies. In add-on, interviewee knows the intent of utilizing the information and where it will be used. Therefore, the empirical informations used in this survey should non harm any interviewee ( Israel & A ; Hay, 2006 ) . Informed consent, confidentiality, and the function of the research worker are the ethical guidelines ( Kvale, 1996 ) , so we make certain that our interviewees will non hold any job to understand our research subjects and information which we want to acquire from them, for illustration, our intent of research, nature of research, who is the research worker, how long is the interview will take, how we will utilize their informations and how to circulating the research findings ( Briony 2006 ) . Furthermore, the interviewees have been requested kindly for their cooperation and non oblige them for participate in our researchBiasTo guarantee high quality research survey, research worker should believe over the prejudice. A research worker should progress into a research with a clear and unfastened head in order to avoid any prejudice to act upon the terminal consequence ( Backman, 1998 ; Oates, 2006 ) . There is no clear definition of prejudice but it can be related to prepossession and bias ( Hammersley & A ; Gomm, 1997 ) . Harmonizing to Harmmersley and Gomm ( 1997 ) , prejudice has considered a positive characteristic because prejudice reveals concealed facets of phenomena. Unbiased research non merely concentrating on our ain believes and premises, but give importance to others point of positions and experiences. We address the possible prejudice by reflecting and showing our place as research workers. â€Å" A consideration of ego as a research worker and ego in relation to the subject of research is a stipulation for get bying with prejudice. † ( Norris, 1997, pp. 3 ) . We besides be self-critical throughout the full work ( Norris, 1997 ) , we tried to hold periodical treatments among our group members and had critical analysis about the pros and cons of our theoretical model, methods and findings. We purely follow right path and follow the way which we had planed every bit good as we tried to be cognizant when, how and why we have deviated from the planned path. Our scheme leads us to come back on right path.â€Å" Naqash and Waqas can add more ideas harmonizing to your experiences †