The Cube free essay sample

I had spent the past four hours sitting on the green leather couch in my living room. The screen of my laptop had me mesmerized. Nothing else in the world seemed to matter. Although my eyes felt heavy and sweat was beginning to form on my forehead, I could not stop. â€Å"Danielle, its late. Go to bed!† â€Å"Cmon, Danielle, you can come back to it in the morning.† I ignored my parents pleas. I would not let anyone or anything get in the way of my task. Little had I known how challenging this undertaking would be. The YouTube videos instructed me to start with the green cross, so I did. Then I moved on to correctly complete the first side. As I repeatedly messed up and had to restart many times, I was positive that if I was a normal person Id have been banging my head against the wall. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cube or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead I just took a deep breath and powered through. Slowly the middle layer began to line up. I jotted down the algorithms to ensure I would not forget what to do next time, even though I had watched the videos so many times that I felt like I could quote them word for word. Again, a wrong turn set me back five steps, but I was not ready to give up. The last layer was the most complicated. I checked twice before each move. My heart began to race. The pieces were all jumbled, but I was imitating the video instructions exactly. Four hours later, everything clicked into place. I had solved the Rubiks Cube! The Rubiks Cube used to be a mysterious puzzle that I had only heard stories of people completing. Then, about a year ago, I saw an assortment of cubes at my friends house. There were triangular, two-by-two, and seven-by-seven cubes. When I asked him about them, he picked up a three-by-three cube and solved it right before my eyes. I was awestruck. Someone could actually do it! Right then I decided that I, too, was going to conquer the Cube. After that first night of sitting on my couch cross-legged for hours, I was rarely without a Rubiks Cube twisting and turning in my hands. I memorized the many complicated steps, slowly weaning myself from my notes and decreasing my completion times. Now it only takes me a little over two minutes. I can even create patterns, like flowers and checkerboards. The same persistence and determination that I demonstrated with the Cube applies to my academic and extracurricular life as well. Last year, I took physics and struggled to succeed on tests and the engineering-like projects. One term, I received one of my worst test grades ever. Then something inside me clicked. I decided to get help from my teacher and a tutor. I was determined to succeed – and ultimately, my final grade reflected that. Perseverance has also helped me in extracurricular activities. My school has a program called Peer Education in which a select group of upperclassmen help to positively influence students. I applied my junior year but was not selected. Disappointed, I asked what I could do to improve my chances next time. I was told I needed more leadership experience. After adding experience as a camp counselor, soccer referee, and basketball coach, I entered this years application process with newfound confidence and achieved my goal of becoming a Peer Educator. With that last click of the Rubiks Cube, I had changed my life forever. I know I can do anything I set my mind to, and I will not stop until I succeed. My bucket list is one step closer to being completed, and that mysterious puzzle is not so puzzling anymore.

Critical Analysis of a Project Management Plan Free Solution

Question: Describe about the Critical Analysis of a Project Management Plan? Answer: Executive Summery The "Project Management Plan (PMP)" will give a course of action to this challenge todoall the exercises all through the project, i.e. from the soonest beginning stage to close out. This PMPensuresthat the workwill be regulateddepending upon the executing affiliation's methods and comprehension points of interest and offers frameworks to help the project manager and the project social affair to meet or surpass the targets, both customer and interior. The PMP will infer how the social affair will plan, handle, and apply its organizations on project. The PMPchooses projectnecessities; sets a reason for directing open entryway, timetable, sources, and top quality and worth extent of project endeavors; illuminates the genuine duties and power of project parts; and supports a general and melded technique to project store. The PMP moreover serves to plug a persuasive assembling by unmistakably portraying the structure of the association and offering the positions, responsibilities, and pow er levels. Itis proposedto bea fit papers and is kept present as gigantic changesare madeall through the project. The PMP is a mix and combination of the various organizing records made to guide the projectWBS, timetable, quality reach, wellbeing game plan, top quality program, and acquiring course of action. The PMPmust beanalyzed habitually and its materialwill be improvedto discussthe movements in theguidanceand methods of both the executing association and its customer. 1. Introduction The "City of Dubai" is the one among various places on the planet that has been put on the rundown of quickly making spots emulating the 1990's, Dubai; one of the best of the seven emirates has two brilliant potential territories to take advantage specifically business and generosity. The key edges driving this business area are change and tricks. Considering the beat of the town and the smart advancement, the "Roads and Transport Authority (RTA)" is making fundamental project rules to upgrade Dubai's paths structure. This project is an augmentation and advancement of the business inlet Canal. The project is portrayed by the purchaser as the well-known contrivances and beachfront advancement in the heart of the town. This project will transform into a conclusive range as the "City Canal", an essential energy and diversion advancement that unites delight, movement, and transport Dubai's wealthy social society and contemporary recognizing confirmation. Despite offering a top-notch making for agreeable tricks, the finishing the "City Canal" moreover gives an extraordinary opportunity to improve Dubai place as a general travel and amusement concentrate, meanwhile as offering assignments, area and energy attributes for the people of Dubai and general tourists. 1.1. Aims and Objectives Growth of the stream Business Bay Canal and its relationship to the Sea and to make a safe stream that discardsthestream and reconnects assorted scopes of the town. To association the more prepared zones of the town with the recognized and starting late arranged areas of Dubai town by technique for reach and submerged transport. Make possible, valuable and effective transport arrangement B to lessening the development blockage on a champion among the most remarkable roadways of Dubai by building a game plan of exchanges nearby the related street work and application meets desires. To make a particular and basic travel and fulfilment and delight enthusiasm as a significant part of Dubai's extending travel and satisfaction thing. To upgrade the redevelopment potential results of the site andmakebeachfront advancement potential. To give enhanced eccentricities and contrivances with a redesigned total flourishing for subjects of Dubai 1.2. Business Needs Considering the reasons and goals said above it can be determined that the proposed improvement would accomplish the going hand in hand with Company needs (Handy, 1993): Addition in little association and business through execution in time and transport on account of feasible Transport System. Addition in extent regard due to beautification and beachfront improvement, this would raise the property and headway industry which consistently would cost up the area and close-by money related system. Establishment is regarded to mean the vital quirks expected to confirm the performing of a country's economy 1.3. Scope The shot of work essentially joins plan, headway and project control organizations of real interfaces, street satisfies desires, and acclimation to the current application business locales and change of new course which will solitary current ranges and change potential domain use. The new association convergences should deal with the necessity for additional potential in light of the fact that few current close-by paths that give affiliation will be removed. The street systems on both completions of the prescribed course need to be dismembered and possibly altered. Since development on both completions obviously will keep creating later on, every opportunity to redesign circumstances must be examined. 2. Background and environment of project 2.1. Client Customer is the individual who lives up to expectations the endeavour; He takes the fundamental driver and has the best say on taking choice. His choice is all around. He is the crucial driver in the project. The purchaser should centre a notable short for the project, play his part proactively and centre the possibility of perform of all distinctive parts (Anbari, 2003). Clients will need to do the going hand in hand with: The project short is started and recognized by him with most raised quality. All the parts need to circulate a proficient capacity review which is recognized by the client; The client offers eccentricities to success and with fitting wellbeing; Ensure the perform is orchestrated enough and contribute enough time for every one stage; Client guarantees the creator and power have got an evident short and shot of perform for the project. Project execution plan and project standards are recognized by the client. Believably examination and thought setup are recognized by the client The client surrenders the project quality run, watches and manages the diligent cost changes. The Customer supervises and recompenses the expert system and key development arranges, the getting strategy for the genuine works, the prescribed necessities, the sensitive studies, the assertion records. 2.2. The Project Manager He will manage the Project. He will be show at Customer social affairs and be in charge of guaranteeing collaboration undertakings stay open between the Customer and the Advisor (Back, 2001). He will hold progressive Advisor pack social events and spread Project information to Advisor accomplices. He will be in charge of necessities, fragile and assertion authentication, and quality organization. He will study to the project base (Globerson, 2002). Besides, he will: Have general danger for taking after and keeping the Project plan. He should be worked quickly upon recognition of any planning civil argument or issues, so mending activities can be made and completed; Keep the Client's Link Professional, taught of routine position through persistent synchronisation social affairs; and Screen, desire, and overview change concentrated around the routine and quality achieve including: Centre and feature separating route practices as perform advances; See perform that must be carried out in plan; Recognize change against system for every one apparent perform section; Gage conclusion plans from present progression; Highlight any rescheduled perform in wherever, which is out of game plan; Gage future perform discuss in any extent; Give reports of time, human resources, and quality degree required at the humblest perform parts checked, based upon present expenses stood out from plan; and Give the capacity to perceiving the position of any perform part the extent that standard and worth reach. 2.3. Designer Consultants He keeps a key part in the conventional or style and make purchasing way, Design is the first thing to a project course in this way the Developer keeps a greatly crucial place after the Customer (Drucker, 2006). Guide will need to do: The design needs to be seen immaculately as indicated by the style short on time. The Design system needs to be arranged as a bit of the Expert structure in consummation synchronisation and should fit in properly. Response to the concerns on the sensitive by the visitors to be responded to by the Design guide; Arrangement qualification and purposes of enthusiasm making would be in the possibility of perform of the design consultants; All reconstruction gathering may be performed by the style advisor in the vicinity of the power, direction to in like manner be show at all other social affair in the midst of change also; Arrangement guide will need to make and appraisal all understanding, Review, fitting and evaluation on store representations showed by the associations before start of work; Dispatch and get all the NOC's, contract helps from all overseeing and allowing controllers. Standard Website trips to check progression is as per the purposes of investment style depictions and customers top quality essentials game plan. 3. Audience and structure of the PMP 3.1. Management responsibility The project management will be a grid in that accomplices from each affiliation keep on appearing for their business control all through the period of time of the project. The project head is responsible for connecting with business managers on the progression and execution of every one project resource. The project manager has the general drive and danger for dealing with and performing this project according to this project organize and its additional control projects. The project social affair will incorporate labourers from the aide, ace, project control programming guidance and customer. The project manager will work with all resources for perform project masterminding. All project and additional control activities will be poverty-stricken down and confirmed by the purchaser. All financing choices will similarly be made by the project pull in. Any arrangement of acknowledgement energy to the project manager will be completed in making and be done by both the customer and project official (Cammarano, 1997). 3.2. Scope Management It will be the primary commitment of the project head. The opportunity for this project is portrayed by the Scope Declaration, WBS. The project manager, pull in, and stakeholders will secure and recognize assertion for figuring project opportunity which consolidates deliverable quality records and work execution estimations. All open entryway assignments are joined from the soonest beginning stage of the Initial Study stage to Construction Guidance stage. Sensible project organization programming and co-operation between reasons for living ought to be carried out to ensure potential clashing issues are seen and decided before issues happen. Proposed open entryway changes may be started by the project head, stakeholders or any piece of the project bunch. All change appeals will be shown to the project administrator who will then evaluate the asked for open entryway modify. Upon respect of the opportunity alter ask for the project regulator will submit the opportunity adjust enthusiasm to the client for endorsement. Upon backing of chance changes by project pull in the project administrator will upgrade all project records and interface the opportunity conform to all stakeholders. In perspective of studies and feedback from the project manager and Stakeholders, the client is responsible for the backing of the last project deliverables and project opportunity (Clifton, 1977). 3.3. Resource Management It addresses different sorts of sources, i.e. enrolling, for instance, sub-manufacturers, change devices and sections. These sources totally control the change of perform at change site if dealt with in an effective and cheerful way all through the execution period. Game plans of evaluated source particulars will be laid out in enhance for project and practical activities will be taken remembering the finished product to get created sources on time to keep any setbacks. The substance flow will be exactly synchronized with the supplier as per a store representations and quality subtle elements. Sub-foremen will be dealt with by the major master in this project and a prior watch will be sent to them at whatever point their organizations will be required by time-table. 3.4. Time-related processes 3.4.1. Project schedule The project manager will be in charge of supporting perform project significance, sequencing, and figuring length and sources with the project group. Errand plans for the Project will be made using "MS Project" starting with the deliverables recognized in the project's "Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)". Movement vitality will perceive the specific perform offers which must be performed to finish each deliverable. Movement sequencing will be used to centre the trading of perform offers and appropriate associations between project works out. Action length discovering will be used to centre the amount of perform periods expected to finish perform offers. Source learning will be used to relegate sources to perform offers to do routine headway. The project management is in charge of joining in perform project centrality, sequencing, length, and resource figuring. The customer will get included in conclusions of the proposed routine and recognize the last standard before it is stage secured . The project stakeholders will get included in emotions of the suggested routine and support in its underwriting (Blair, 2003). At the point when a preparatory routine has been made, it will be bankrupt around the project social event and any sources presumably dispersed to project endeavours. The project assembling and sources must agree to the proposed perform project endeavours, time periods, and calendar. At the point when this is accomplished the customer will study and recognize the routine and it will then be stage secured (Hobb, 2003). 3.4.2. Milestones It will serve as the indication of the change of the project. A couple of strategies like bleeding edge surveys, quality evaluation, peril appraisal and routine overhauling will be done. Between the objectives the project change will be surveyed and if there are any arranging setbacks which may influence an advancement or transport date, the project administrator will be instructed rapidly. Project administrator will take sensible measures to minimize falls in courses of action. Any supported changes to these objectives or plans will be passed on to the project collect by the project official (Just, 1994). 3.5. Project Cost 3.5.1. Project Cost Control The project manager must ensure that all perform is performed in a sensible manner and that fitting worth administers are situated up on the project at all times. The project manager is similarly fit to evaluation and recognize all work charges and other project costs and to make fast move to change negative differences (Baar, 2004). In joining to the over, the project official will apply the going hand in hand with at a capable and successful expense organization in the midst of the change of errand: Concise and careful receipts to the client for portion Headway of discriminating quality extent baselines at the begin of the project Brought a toll usage with the perform breakdown structure and timetable Month to month examination of complexities and examples True blue appraisal and programming of costs Dependable wage and total advantage projections Helpful progression of advancement becomes tied up with the quality reach gage Undertaking worth organization triggers with the securing of tenant quality figure and the genuine project quality extent. As the performance continues, existing procedures for worth bookkeeping are utilized to secure the genuine expenses of perform capability. The expenses as they persevered are a bit at a time elucidated and differentiated and the worth extent. Likewise to watching the tireless valuable expenses, sporadic reports are delivered that gauge last expenses and match these approximated expenses with the chose worth extent. 3.5.2. Project Cost Coding All project related exercises are depicted by a name or illustrative peculiarity enhanced by a specific worth code concerning their parts in the structure of project perform breakdown framework. 3.5.3. Project Budget It is a specific standard of expenses that the project manager uses for quality organization reasons in the midst of the change of project. Around the beginning of project, a standard quality reach for the project is made centred around the possibility of perform communicated in the completed contract. The perform change and execution are dependably overseen and directed against the same guideline worth extent. As the project drives, the tenet quality range gets enhanced according to the conformity in shot of perform as a result of changes inciting a specific worth reach with the social occasion or management of approximated expenses of all exercises at activity stage or perform group stage (Goldratt, 1993). 3.6. Financial reports The monetary reviews display the general picture of moderate quality of a project. These fiscal reviews offer segregating feedback to help business orchestrating and month to month focal point and pay desires used by all levels of control. This paper consolidates different saving examination that together offer a strong evidence of the productive benefit of a project. The framework expected to complete the report demands painstaking quality in the project manager's appraisal of project profit with the objective that they can recognize, fathom, and elucidate any imperfections to control. This strategy can offer an early forewarn of capability issues, including total playing point separate. 4. Contents of the PMP sections Oral and written communication between the affiliation and the client, distinctive affiliations and project delegates, ought to be recorded, inspected, and from the project manager and along these lines stamped by the project home. Administrative and contractual characters will be from the project home. Discipline Managers are in charge of filing data relevant to the project by completing and recording estimations, go down assumptions and methods, and by issuing updates to the data report that delineate exercises, talks and gatherings. Oral conveyance will be recorded by the use of updates to the data records or telephone redesign structures. Copies of such recognizes may be sent to legitimate social events soliciting certification from the examination. The individual propelling the redesign will centre, and begin, the settlement and in all cases will review it with and copy the Project Manager. Right when social affairs are held between setup accomplices and the buyer, or distinctive affiliations, the project regulator ought to be taught concerning any standards or read from given. The Project Manager will check such leads and read create are asserted by letter to the customer (Morgan, 2006). Despite the delayed consequences of social affairs, parts may confirm each management is recorded as Meeting Moments that ought to contain date, time, zone, parts and purpose behind the gathering. Minutes ought to be orchestrated the Project Manager's signature and set in the Project data archive. Any appeal imperative to the Project by gathering thought managements or press ought to be controlled to the Project Manager. In no way, shape or form ought to direct correspondence concerning the Project happen with any gathering thought assembling or press without the support of the Customer. The Consultant's Dubai workplace essential data records will be dealt with as showed in the going with concentrated Project filling system: Outbound conveyance may involve the suitable data record arrangement. Inbound conveyance, faxes and messages ought to have the data record arrangement included to the upper immaculate place before settlement by the Consultant's to the Project Manager, and starting there to specific agents. The Project Technicians may keep up individual data records of substance critical to the Project, yet all real ones must be kept in the principal data reports. The workplace teammate is in charge of guaranteeing data record figures are fused to conveyance and keeping the Project data records. Project data records will be mixed to a major place in the wake of finishing the Purpose of storage space inside the workplace or storage space in records (Van Slyke, 1999). Friendly conveyance ought to involve the best possible data report the combination. Inbound conveyance, faxes and messages ought to have the data record mixture included to the upper perfect place before settlement by the project home to the project manager, and from that point on to specific specialists. The project creators may help singular data records of substance pertinent to the Project, however all veritable ones must be kept in the rule data reports. The work space partner is in charge of guaranteeing data archive figures are fused to conveyance and keeping the Project data records. Project data records will be mixed to an essential place in the wake of finishing the Purpose of storage space inside the workplace or storage space in records. 4.1. Management reporting system The going with specific segments of certifying should be dead set at project and work task levels (Schein, 2010). Execution of the project will be controlled with the aid of EVM method in which the creative open entryway, calendar, and arrangement are joined to survey cost and routine adequacy on the project. Quality examination set up measures or baselines for profit that are used to announce and survey redesign. Estimations moreover help recognize issues, centre the extent of an issue, and framework headway after execution of remedial activities. A danger sign-up is dependably regulated from the start of project until the project closeout. Risk sign-up generally contains record of all apparent dangers with their likelihood and effect, record of prospective reactions to the hostile dangers and positive dangers and minimization methodologies of prospective antagonistic dangers. A record of the proposed changes that exhibits that a couple of changes are recognized and some are without a doubt not. Embraced change appeals may oblige execution of recuperating or preparatory activities. 4.2. Risk assessment and value management A Risk recognition and assessment work shop at perception level will be formed. In addition, Risk Professional social occasion, appraisal of information from similar errands and using a danger assessment meeting with the project gathering and key stakeholders will set up the Risk control program for the examination of Major prospective dangers. Predesign Value Technological progression work shop with Customer will be formed and the value control strategy will be done which will be the reason for the control process. Risk assessment will redesign at every one level and this action will be rehashing at every one project control purposes of the life-cycle taking after a recorded appraisal orchestrated by the VRM official at every one level superseding the past evaluation to improve the Value venture included in the project. The PM will lead the project headway orchestrate after the feedback from manager and peril related costs will be changed and oversaw by the PM (Sauer, 2001). 5. Conclusion It is basic that associations understand that systems need altar as per course the characteristics of the project and the business errands and objectives. Project managers are often not masters at knowing the working of programming; rather, they have inventive aptitudes to see if the results conveyed by the application are sensible and suitable for the application. This needs making and planning people both to use the application and to understand the outcomes that must be regarded before choice of the best heading (Meredith, 2011). Programming can simply help and help truly coming to fruition choices process. Moreover, at last, it is the official or regulator who settles on the choices to pick a certain bearing. There is remarkable prospective for both these advantages if reasonably used. The level of utilization will be concentrated around how these advantages take a position the ages in the end circumstances. 6. Recommendation Mostly, the project manager should at first endeavour to mastermind the issue at the project stage. This does not infer that the project manager works alone. Assertions, legal, and other support organizations are available to encourage and should be discussed for their aptitudes. If additional help is obliged, the project manager must extend the issue with his industry supervisor and agreements division. The control pack must assess all association computes before undertaking with a declaration and settlement on a sound association decision rather than a mental one. On the off chance that the matter can't be settled at the project stage, it is extended through the specific control associations, including industry or division official, took after by the manager or president. References Anbari, F. T., 2003. Earned Value Project Management Method and Extensions. Project Management Journal, Volume 34, p. 12. Baar, J. E. J. S. M., 2004. Forecasting-What a Responsibility. Cost Engineering, Volume 46, p. 19. Back, W. E. M. K. A., 2001. Information management strategies for project management. Project Management Journal, Volume 32, pp. 10-20. Blair, G. M., 2003. Personal Time Management for Busy Managers. [Online] Available at: https://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/art2.html [Accessed 3 January 2015]. Cammarano, J., 1997. Project management: How to make it happen. IIE Solutions, Volume 29, pp. 30-34. Clifton, D. S. F. D. E., 1977. Project feasibility analysis : a guide to profitable new ventures. New York: Wiley. Drucker, P. F., 2006. The Practice of Management. New York: Harper. Globerson, S. Z. O., 2002. The impact of the project manager on project management planning processes. Project Management Journal, Volume 33, pp. 58-65. Goldratt, E. M. a. C. J., 1993. The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement. 2nd ed. Hampshire, England: North River Press . Handy, C. B., 1993. Understanding Organizations. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Hobb, L. J. S. B. M., 2003. Developing a work breakdown structure as the unifying foundation for project controls system development. Cost Engineering, Volume 45, p. 17. Just, M. R. M. J. P., 1994. The effect of resource constraints on project schedules. Transactions of AACE International, Volume DCL2, pp. 1-5. Meredith, J. R. a. M. S. J., 2011. Project Management: A Managerial Approach. 8th ed. New York: Wiley. Morgan, G. (., 2006. Images of organization. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications . Sauer, C. L. L. J. K., 2001. Where project managers are kings. Project Management Journal, Volume 32, pp. 39-50. Schein, E., 2010. Organizational culture and leadership. 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Van Slyke, E. J., 1999. Listening to conflict : finding constructive solutions to workplace disputes. 1st ed. New York: AMACOM.

Erik Eriksons Identity Theory

All human beings are different in one way or another. Human beings are not born with identities; however, they acquire their identities with time. Identity crisis occurs during teenage years when people struggle between identity and confusion. The balance between identity and confusion lies in commitment making and identity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Erik Erikson’s Identity Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since life contains lessons, Erikson’s theory has contributed to the elaboration of development. According to this theory, each person experiences eight psychological crises; Erikson’s development framework includes eight stages that cover an individual’s lifespan, which assist an individual to faces and confronts the new challenges (Erik Erikson’s development theory of identity development, n.d, p.45). The epigenetic principle states that characteristics developed at each stage are carried to the next stage as they rely on each other. According to Whitley (2009, p.29), â€Å"this principle acts as an explanation of growth, anything that grows has a ground plan and out of this ground plan the parts arise, each part has it time of special ascendancy until all parts have arisen to form a functioning whole.† The fifth stage serves as a growth point in an individual’s life; therefore, it is an indication of potential growth towards a quality personality of the rest of one’s life. These stages include infancy, which ranges from 0-18months where trust or mistrust can be developed. A mother can establish trust to the infant through care, so that the infant does not develop mistrust towards the world at large. In this stage, the needs of an infant such as food, comfort, and affection are met by parents. If the caregivers are neglectful or abusive, the infant learns that the world is an uncouth place for people. Developi ng the trust of others is essential in an individual’s life, for instant, a child will only learn to trust his mother if he is taken care of regularly. In addition, infants begin to trust themselves as pertains to their bodies, such that they can reach for something, crawl, stand, and finally walk. However, delays in body satisfaction may result to mistrust of time (Erik Erikson’s development theory of identity development, n.d, p.46). The second stage is autonomy vs. shame; that is common in toddlers between 18 months – 3years. In this stage, toddlers begin exploring their environment with the support of their parents; however, caution is required as the toddlers may access things that are dangerous and harmful to their health and safety. In this stage, a child will develop special interests in specific things, such as music. However, when parents are too strict, they may hinder the child’s attempt to venture into new challenges.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This stage also attributes to a child’s training, for instance, toilet training whereby a child is able to control body waste products until he reaches the toilet. However, if too much is demanded from the children, there is a possibility of children developing doubts in their capability to accomplish tasks. The third stage includes initiative vs. guilt, which ranges between three to six years; here, children learn to be logical, for instant, the fact that items fall down and not upwards. They also learn risk taking in the process of learning, for instant, crossing the road alone or riding a bicycle without wearing a helmet. A child may also develop a sense of frustration for not being able to achieve his goals. If a child fails to achieve his goals, he may suffer from guilt and seem powerless if ridiculed by peers (Nevid, 2008, p.349). Industry vs. inferiorit y is a stage that occurs between six to 12 years, whereby children are eager to learn, hence developing through reading, writing, and communicating. However, children at this stage can be rebellious; nevertheless, if children perform competently in school and in extra- curriculum activities, they result to being industrious by taking up a role in these activities. Self-confidence is developed in most children at this stage, as they recognize their talents such as in sports or music. Identity vs. identity confusion occurs in adolescence between 12-18 years. The adolescents are usually concerned with their personality in the presence of others, as they develop a sexual identity. In this stage, adolescents develop a sense of personal identity, while avoiding the dangers of diffusion and confusion. Identity achievement is achieved when an individual recognizes his strengths and weaknesses and determines the best way to deal with them. This stage is very important as it contributes towar ds realization of an identity, whereby, one goes through puberty and the need to establish boundaries. Intimacy vs. isolation ranges between 19-40years. Identity confusion ends as adults understand identities and fit in well socially. Adults are afraid of being turned down or their relationship breaking, therefore, long-term commitments are made. Generativity vs. stagnation is a middle adult stage that entails, guiding the next generation, by either raising a family or contributing towards the society, hence resulting to a sense of productivity and accomplishment. Ego integrity vs. despair is the final stage of development, which is accompanied by low productivity due to old age and retirement. At this stage, people look back at their accomplishments and feel content. However, in case of a negative outcome, an individual in this stage may consider his life as a waste, since he was not able to accomplish his goals. Erikson’s theory stresses on our adaptive nature; however, it can also be considered vague regarding the causes of development.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Erik Erikson’s Identity Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How does the theory address differences in gender and culture? According to Franz White (1985 p227), Erikson has neglected personality of both genders, as he does not elaborate much on the development of intimacy in both genders. The main critique is that the theory fails to account for the interpersonal attachments, which are essential development of both male and female. In the identity stage, pubescence is characterized by rapid body changes, which enhance sexual awareness. Nevertheless, Erikson’s theory, as a personality theory, fails to account for personality developments in both genders. Erikson assumes that development stages are the same for both females and males. His theory elaborates that one must accept his own sex, however sex does not determine how one functions. Nevertheless, Eriksson’s theory does not apply to some cultures, as they do not acknowledge some of the stages. In addition, women do not literally fit in Erikson’s model as it mainly focuses on the male gender. Does the theory present a comprehensive explanation of how personality develops? If so, how does it do this, if not, what is not explained? The adolescent stage in Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development establishes a sense of personality identity. However, failure to develop identity dramatically results in role confusion. In the intimacy vs. isolation stage, people explore personal relationships, hence developing close and intimate relationships with other people, some ending up developing secure and committed relationships. In Erikson’s theory, adolescents have unlimited imagination that allows one to develop and exercise his new skills. Adolescents look for affirmation from their seniors he nce identify confusion. According to Erikson’s stage of development, personality develops in a pre-determined order – it develops throughout one lifetime. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development has eight stages, each of which yields to a healthy personality and interactions. However, unhealthy personality may result from failure to complete a particular stage. In trust vs. mistrust, trust is developed when a child is sure that the world is secure, however, if this stage is incomplete, trust may never be achieved. In the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage, a child learns to be more confident and develops ability to pick things on his own; however, if a child is discouraged and criticized, he will feel incapable of surviving, hence become dependent on others. Industry vs. inferiority stage involves a child comparing his worthiness to others; hence, the caregiver should ensure that the child feels worth, as an initiative towards developing personality. Identi ty v. role confusion stage entails adolescence search for an identity, hence this stage involves exploration in search of one’ identity.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the intimacy vs. isolation stage, young adults make major choices regarding their future, for instant, who they want to spend their lives with, dating or when they want to settle down; the choices made are based on their own personality. In this theory, every stage is important and paves way for the next stage; however, if a stage is not successful, it yields to failure that affects an individual’s personality (Jeannine, 2007). How does the theory address changes in personality over the lifespan? Erik Erikson’s theory elaborates that personality develops throughout ones lifetime. According to Clitton Davis (1995) Erikson theory emphasizes on the importance of personality in childhood, hence rejecting Freud’s attempt to describe personality only based on sexuality. However, Erikson feels that personality develops even after five years of age. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is associated with psychosocial crisis that is based on physiological developmen t. However, the outcome of one stage is not permanent since it can be influenced by later experiences. Social and sexual factors contribute to personality development in this theory. According to Singer (1975, p.17), when a baby is born, he leaves the mother’s womb and enters the world, in which there are opportunities and limitations of his culture. The author further elaborates that Erikson’s theory attempts to include a child’s social growth, his culture, and societal forces as the main contributors of personality. Erikson believes that each individual meets a crisis in each stage and he should resolve the crisis before moving to the next stage. Therefore, Erikson’s theory mainly views crisis as a turning point of a potential. The development of trust in offspring is because of care from mothers. According to Whitley (2009, p.21), Erikson’s development stages are a series of life structures which change with time; it is a design of a person†™s life in each stage. As an individual progress through each stage, he/she gains a positivity or negativity, which determines the personality change in each stage. As a child grows significantly, a relationship forms between family and friends, and encompasses one’s culture. Identity crisis was referred to a situation where one encountered difficulties in the outcast of his society and environment; for instance, war veterans. However, in adolescents, identity describes an experience in that particular stage, especially in the fifth stage, which determines progress towards a healthy personality. The author further indicates that solid formation of an identity determines a healthy personality. A healthy personality cannot be formed without a solid identity; hence, ego identity determines one’s ability to maintain immutability. Therefore, a healthy personality is achieved as long as an individual is capable of taking advantage of an opportunity that maintains their des ire in life. Likewise, a healthy society should be capable of assisting and respecting an individual’s choices (Whitley, 2009, p.33). Therefore, personality changes at each level in the lifecycle, whereas crisis and positive outcomes determine the nature of a personality. Do you think of this theory fits in modern times? (I.e. does it make sense to you in the modern world—why/why not?) Does it adequately explain the concepts of personality and why? Erik Erikson’s identity theory elaborates on the stages of development in a lifespan; however, this theory has been subjected to many critiques throughout. For instant, in Erikson’s fifth stage on identity formation, questions have risen on whether it is possible for an individual to change throughout his life. His theory also seems more applicable in the male gender other than the female gender, and he simply emphasizes more on the childhood stages other that adulthood. Each stage in his theory is marked by vi rtues learned by an individual, which he must absorb. Each trait that is acquired in a stage is essential for the next stage as a child grows. In addition, each stage is accompanied by crisis, which is a turning point that results to integrity. This theory signifies the life stages that an individual goes through. It is however essential in the modern society as it is an indication of how we develop our personalities. When children come into the world, they are naà ¯ve and hardly understand anything, it is only logical that they adapt and learn from the way they are treated. If they are given special care, for instance through breastfeeding, they develop trust to the surrounding environment and believe that the world is harmless. However, if they are neglected, they develop a completely different attitude towards the world. This is exactly what happens; therefore, this theory is realistic. The theory has further elaborated on identity crisis, a common factor that individuals face a t a particular stage in life, especially in teenage. Erikson’s theory has been explored by many authors, among them being Marcia who in his journal has further elaborated on identity. This includes identity statuses that vary from achievement, moratorium, and foreclosure and identity diffusion. Identity achievement occurs when a person explores different identities but makes a commitment to only one identity. Moratorium is a status of an individual who actively explores different identities but has not made any commitment. While foreclosure involves a status, which involves making a commitment, but without exploring identity, identity diffusion occurs without the presence commitment or identity crisis (Marcia, 1966, p.552). In today’s changing world, identity crises are common than in early years, therefore exploring of one’s aspects at work, home and in relationships, contributes in strengthening one’s personal identity. Erik Erikson’s theory expl ores personality from childhood stage to despair stage, clearly identifying the role and social experiences in each stage. The extension of Erikson’s research by Marcia is a clear indication of the quality of Erikson’s theory. According to Lerner (2002, p.417), Erikson’s epigenetic principle further explain that, as ego develops, it is faced with new demands in the society. However, if these demands are healthy, development is evident; therefore, if the new demands are to be met, adaptations are necessary. For instant, an infant is only expected to consume food given by the caregiver, but when she/he is adult, he is expected to work. Therefore, the theory enlightens us that a behavior that seemed adaptive at some age does not remain functional for a lifetime. What should be added or subtracted to the theory to make it fit into modern times? Do you think the theory has continued to be valid over time)? The theory is faced with several critiques, emphasizing mainl y on childhood and only lightly discussing on adulthood. The theory is compared to a life-long project, from birth to death, and somehow answers questions regarding development in life and how personality is achieved. Therefore, the theory is important to learners and researchers but has room for improvement. Erikson’s theory has fulfilled a social need for a theory in explaining the concept of psychological growth and development and adaptation to rapid and dramatic changes in life. Nevertheless, according to Hoare (2005, p.21), people continue to adapt to life as it unfolds, meaning, change is required in each stage of the life cycle. In addition, Erikson focused his attention on children mainly before turning into adults thus discovering the problem of ego identity in the adolescent stage. Thereafter, he focused on adulthood in terms of intimacy and relationships. According to the author, Erikson illustrates how a person’s body complies with psychological needs, fea rs, and experiences that may contribute to physical or mental illness. According to Sorell Montgomery (2001, p.105), a female standpoint critiques Erikson’s identity theory in that, it excludes the lives of women and it is limited to identity, hence there is need to consider human experience in explorations of self-construction. In addition, there is need to correct on the omission of women in the Erickson’s theory. Conclusion Individual’s identity is currently changing due to new experiences and information acquired from interacting with peers. Therefore, Erikson emphasizes that competence motivates behavior and individual’s actions. When each development stage is handled well, a sense of mastery or strength is achieved. However, if a stage is poorly managed, a sense of inadequacy will be achieved. Each of the development stages involves a conflict that an individual must encounter, thus a possibility of growth and failure is higher. A healthy personali ty is achieved as long as an individual is capable of taking advantage of an opportunity that maintains his/her desire in life. Therefore, a healthy society should be capable of assisting and respecting an individual’s choices. The epigenetic principle indicates that an individual develops through unfolding personality which is partly determined by our success. Nevertheless, Erikson’s theory is important in modern society, as it assists learners to understand life development and cycle. References Clifton, A. Davis, D. (1995). Psychosocial Theory. Retrieved from http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.html Erik Erikson’s development theory of identity development. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.aui.ma/VPAA/cads/1204/cad-course-1204-rdg-erikerikson.pdf Franz, C. White, K. (1985). Individuation and attachment in personality development: Extending Erikson’s theory. Boston University. Retrieved from http://psycdweeb.weebly.com/uploads/3/5 /2/0/3520924/individuation.pdf Hoare, C. (2005). Erikson’s general and adult developmental revisions of Freudian thought: â€Å"outward, forward, upward. Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 12, No. 1, January 2005 ( © 2005) DOI: 10.1007/S10804-005-1279-0 Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4hid=15sid=86d8b8a5-5777-4766-a10f-49583a0b8c1c%40sessionmgr11 Jeannine, S. (2007). Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Applied to Supervision. Guidance Counseling, Vol. 21, Issue 3. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5hid=8sid=922e142b-72a2-4b51-a9ee-8cf690a26eb9%40sessionmgr4bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9hAN=24649148. Lerner, R. (2002). Concepts and theories of human development; Edition 3. Routledge Publisher. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GzV5zFzhbIACpg=PA417lpg=PA417dq=Erikson%27s+epigenetic+principlesource=blots=-qOgLDjKlCsig=rteq7amhl6xu2AG5-QzlvOUPGRQhl=enei=Gj46TtPXG5Gq-gaE2qSkAgsa=Xoi=bo ok_resultct=resultresnum=7sqi=2ved=0CE8Q6AEwBg#v=onepageq=Erikson%27s%20epigenetic%20principlef=true Marcia, J. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity STATUS. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 5, 551-558. Retrieved from http://psycdweeb.weebly.com/uploads/3/5/2/0/3520924/jamesmarcia.pdf Nevid, J. (2008). Psychology: Concepts and Applications. OH: Cengage Learning, Publisher. Singer, D. (1975). Charlotte’s web; Erikson’s life cycle. School Library Journal. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5hid=8sid=922e142b-72a2-4b51-a9ee-8cf690a26eb9%40sessionmgr4 Sorell, G. Montgomery, M. (2001). Feminist Perspectives on Erikson’s Theory: Their Relevance for Contemporary Identity Development Research. Identity: an international journal of theory and research, 1(2), 97–128 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5hid=15sid=72c81c35-5d5d- 4d9f-a50c-8fdc1e045c04%40sessionmgr4 Whitley, B. (2009). Applying a comprehensive-internal model for the evaluation of social-scientific research to the identity crisis stage of Erik Erikson’s developmental theory. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=7did=1997561611SrchMode=1sid=1Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1312435351clientId=29440 This research paper on Erik Erikson’s Identity Theory was written and submitted by user Linda Robbins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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